46 results about "Hemocyanin" patented technology

The invention discloses a polystyrene micro-nano plastic immunochromatography time-resolved fluorescence kit and application thereof.The kit comprises a fluorescent test strip and a sample reaction bottle containing a quantum dot fluorescent microsphere labeled anti-polystyrene monoclonal antibody freeze-dried product, and the fluorescent test strip comprises a bottom plate; a water absorption pad, a detection pad and a sample pad are sequentially adhered to the adhesive surface of the bottom plate from top to bottom, adjacent pads are overlapped and connected at joints, a nitrocellulose membrane serves as a base pad of the detection pad, a transverse quality control line and a detection line are arranged on the nitrocellulose membrane from top to bottom, the quality control line is coated with an anti-mouse-free polyclonal antibody, and the detection line is coated with an anti-mouse-free polyclonal antibody. And the detection line is coated with a polystyrene-hemocyanin conjugate. The immunochromatography time-resolved fluorescence kit provided by the invention can realize quantitative detection of polystyrene, and has the advantages of strong specificity, high sensitivity, simple sample pretreatment, small pollution hazard to the environment, suitability for on-site batch detection and the like.

The invention discloses a nano vaccine as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The nano vaccine provided by the invention is prepared by fusing a liposome of which the surface is coupled with an inhibitor of an inhibitory immune checkpoint and a cell membrane of a tumor antigen sensitized dendritic cell cultured by utilizing a tumor cell lysate and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The obtained nano vaccine is uniform in particle size, the outer layer of the nano vaccine is wrapped by a cell membrane, and the nano vaccine has proper surface potential, size and structural flexibility and is beneficial to aggregation in tumors. After the nano vaccine reaches tumor tissues, antigens can be efficiently and directly presented to T lymphocytes through cell membranes of tumor antigen sensitized dendritic cells, a costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation is fully provided, meanwhile, T cell depletion can be reversed through an immune checkpoint inhibitor, the function of the inhibited T cells is re-excited, and the T cells are activated. The cytotoxic function and the multiplication capacity of the T cells are effectively and specifically recovered through a double-line strategy.

Uses are described for hemolymph, contents of hemolymph, fragments or components of the contents found within hemolymph, including hemocyanin, any of which may be derived from crustaceans, or recombinantly produced, as functional agents to treat diseases, provide symptomatic relief, provide a beautifying or relieving effect to the intended organ or site-of-intended-use, or be used as an ingredient in formulations designed to help regenerate, repair, or restore the function of the skin barrier, for applications falling within skin barrier restoration, wound healing and anti-aging effects.

The invention discloses design and synthesis of a hapten of cyromazine, development of a cyromazine artificial antigen and a cyromazine antibody, and application of the cyromazine artificial antigen and the cyromazine antibody in the field of food safety rapid detection. The aminocarboxylic acid modified cyromazine hapten product is prepared through the steps of cyromazine hapten design, connecting arm introduction, synthesis, purification and the like. The cyromazine hapten with the structure is coupled with keyhole limpet hemocyanin to form an artificial immune antigen with immunogenicity, and is coupled with chicken ovalbumin to form an artificial competitive antigen. Tests show that the artificial immune antigen has high immunocompetence and can stimulate an animal immune system to generate an anti-cyromazine antibody, and the titer of an immune Blab / c mouse serum antibody is 16000. The IC50 of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection method established by the cyromazine artificial competitive antigen and the anti-cyromazine antibody is 5.3 [mu] g / L, and the detection sensitivity of an established gold-labeled immunochromatography detection method reaches 50 [mu] g / L.

The invention discloses application of shrimp hemocyanin as hapten carrier protein, and belongs to the technical field of biological medicine. Compared with KLH commonly used in the prior art, the shrimp hemocyanin provided by the invention is good in solubility, the holoantigen obtained by coupling the shrimp hemocyanin with the hapten is good in solubility and not easy to precipitate, the immunogenicity of the holoantigen is superior to that of the KLH, and the animal immunocompetence of the holoantigen prepared by taking the shrimp hemocyanin as the carrier protein is better than that of the holoantigen prepared by taking the KLH as the carrier protein. The shrimp haemocyanin provided by the invention is extracted from shrimp blood, the shrimp culture technology is mature, the shrimp haemocyanin is easy to obtain, and the purchase cost is low, so that the preparation cost of the shrimp haemocyanin is far lower than the purchase cost of KLH.

The application relates to a hapten for detecting ethoxyquin, a complete antigen and a use method thereof. The application discloses a hapten for detecting ethoxyquin, and then a complete antigen obtained by coupling ethoxyquin hapten with hemocyanin is used as an immunogen, and a complete antigen obtained by coupling ethoxyquin hapten with chicken egg white albumin is used as a coating agent. An indirect detection enzyme-linked immunoassay method for ethoxyquin is established. The half-inhibition concentration of the method for ethoxyquin is 0.96 ug / mL, the detection limit is 0.6 ug / mL, the linear detection range is 0.72 ug / mL-1.28 ug / mL, and the curve correlation coefficient is 0.996. The method is high in specificity and sensitivity, simple and fast, and has a wide application prospect in the detection of ethoxyquin residues in food. The method is very suitable for realizing rapid qualitative or quantitative detection of ethoxyquin in food by primary site personnel.

The application discloses application of shrimp hemocyanin in a carrier protein of a hapten, and belongs to the technical field of biological medicines. Compared with KLH commonly used in the prior art, the shrimp hemocyanin provided in the application has good solubility, the whole antigen obtained by coupling the hapten has good solubility and is not easy to precipitate and separate out, and the immunogenicity of the shrimp hemocyanin is better than that of KLH; the whole antigen prepared by taking the shrimp hemocyanin as a carrier protein has better animal immunization activity than the whole antigen prepared by taking KLH as a carrier protein. The shrimp hemocyanin provided in the application is extracted from blood of prawns, the prawn breeding technology is mature, the shrimp hemocyanin is easy to obtain, and the purchase cost is low, so that the preparation cost of the shrimp hemocyanin is far lower than the purchase cost of KLH.

The invention discloses a duck GRPR polypeptide and a preparation method and application of a polyclonal antibody of the duck GRPR polypeptide, and belongs to the field of biochemistry and molecular immunology. The duck GRPR gene is cloned for the first time, and the structure of the duck GRPR gene is analyzed; the preparation method comprises the following steps: taking amino acid polypeptide at 350-368 sites of a carboxyl terminal of duck GRPR protein as a hapten, and carrying out N-terminal modification on a polypeptide sequence to obtain duck GRPR modified polypeptide; and coupling the modified polypeptide with a carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin to prepare a complete antigen, immunizing an animal, and separating and purifying from antiserum to obtain the polyclonal antibody of the duck GRPR polypeptide. Experiments show that the polyclonal antibody can be specifically combined with GRPR protein in duck tissue. According to the invention, the blank in the field of duck GRPR protein detection and research is filled, and a foundation is laid for research of the functions of the GRPR in the duck body.

The present application relates to a rabbit polyclonal antibody targeting human PI3K beta tyrosine phosphorylation at position 962, and a preparation method and application thereof. The present application first identifies that PI3K beta protein Y962 site is phosphorylated and modified and the phosphorylation modification of the site significantly affects the function of PI3K beta protein in PTEN knockout cells through mass spectrometry combined with a series of molecular biology experiments, so an antigen peptide containing Y962 site phosphorylation is synthesized, an immunogen is obtained by coupling a carrier protein hole hemocyanin, a Japanese white rabbit is immunized six times combined with an adjuvant, and a PI3K beta Y962 site specific phosphorylation antibody is obtained after purification and identification. The present application can specifically detect the PI3K beta Y962 site phosphorylation level in cells and tissue samples, and provides an important tool for studying the role and mechanism of PI3K beta phosphorylation in tumors.

The invention provides a hybridoma cell strain secreting a toxoflavin monoclonal antibody. The hybridoma cell strain is obtained by immunogen immune animals prepared by coupling toxoflavin hapten and carrier protein. Wherein the carrier protein for preparing the immunogen comprises keyhole limpet hemocyanin KLH. The hybridoma cell strain is preserved in the Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center on March 10, 2026, and the preservation number is GDMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No.67912. The invention also provides an application of the hybridoma cell strain, specifically, the toxoflavin monoclonal antibody secreted by the hybridoma cell strain is applied to toxoflavin detection. The kit further comprises a coating antigen, the coating antigen is prepared by coupling the toxoflavin hapten and carrier protein, and the carrier protein for preparing the coating antigen comprises bovine serum albumin (BSA). The monoclonal antibody secreted by the hybridoma cell strain has good sensitivity and specificity to toxoflavin, and can be accurately and reliably used for quantitative detection of toxoflavin in an actual sample.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological medicines, and particularly relates to a human NSUN2 protein 190th lysine site lactic acid antigen, an antibody, a preparation method and application thereof. Relates to the technical field of lactylated antibody preparation, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: S01, carrying out lactylation on 190th lysine in a polypeptide of an amino acid sequence, and coupling with a carrier protein to obtain an initial antigen, the carrier protein comprising hemocyanin KLH; s02, injecting the obtained antigen into a living body culture sample for immune culture, and collecting whole blood after a preset period to obtain multi-antibody serum; and S03, purifying to obtain an iterative antibody. According to the invention, the expression difference in sensitive and drug-resistant tumor cells and tumor tissues can be detected by directly applying Western Blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, so that a powerful guarantee is provided for the detection of tumor sensitivity.

The invention relates to an anti-lavender monoclonal antibody and application of the anti-lavender monoclonal antibody in detection of lavender honey. The monoclonal antibody is prepared by the following steps: immunizing a Balb / c mouse by using a linalool-KLH conjugate as an immunogen, and carrying out cell fusion, hybridoma screening and ascites purification, so as to obtain the monoclonal antibody. The sequence of a heavy chain variable region is SEQ ID NO: 1, the sequence of a light chain variable region is SEQ ID NO: 5, and the affinity constant (Ka) reaches 1.25 * 10 < 9 > L / mol. The antibody has a linalool sensitivity of 1.05-3.63 [mu] g / mL in competitive ELISA detection, and can specifically distinguish lavender honey (the inhibition rate is greater than or equal to 40%) from other honey source honey (the inhibition rate is less than or equal to 10%). The lavender honey immunodetection method based on the monoclonal antibody is established for the first time, has the advantages of being high in specificity, easy and convenient to operate and low in cost, and is suitable for rapid screening of authenticity of honey products.

Uses are described for hemolymph, contents of hemolymph, fragments or components of the contents found within hemolymph, including hemocyanin, any of which may be derived from crustaceans, as functional agents to treat diseases, provide symptomatic relief, provide a beautifying or relieving effect to the intended organ or site-of-intended-use, or be used as an ingredient in formulations designed to aid in the relief of pathologies or states commonly associated with inflammation and dry skin, including, but not limited to eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, cystitis, asthma, sinusitis, joint pain, as well as other instances of acute and chronic inflammation, and for relief of general symptoms that may be associated with inflammation and dry skin but not linked directly in the intended use, including, but not limited to, redness, itchiness, irritation, muscle or joint fatigue, swelling, hydrating the skin, and reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL).

The invention discloses a duck NMBR polypeptide, a polyclonal antibody and application, and belongs to the field of biochemistry and molecular immunology. The duck NMBR gene is cloned for the first time, and the structure of the duck NMBR gene is analyzed; amino acids at 341-359 sites at the carboxyl terminal of duck NMBR protein are used as haptens, the haptens are coupled with keyhole limpet hemocyanin to prepare complete antigens, then animals are immunized, and the polyclonal antibody of the duck NMBR polypeptide is separated and purified from antiserum. Experiments show that the polyclonal antibody can specifically bind to NMBR protein in duck tissue. According to the invention, the blank in the field of duck NMBR protein detection and research is filled, and a foundation is laid for research of the function of the NMBR in the duck body.

An anti - porcine PCV4 specific antibody of the present invention is characterized in that sequence PCV4 - C157 is synthesized based on the PCV4 specific protein sequence, wherein the PCV4 - C157 sequence is KPQDPSGETHTLHFQP; after coupling the synthesized sequence with the inert protein hemocyanin, animal injection immunization is carried out, serum is collected after immunization, antibodies in the serum are extracted to prepare specific antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies prepared based on specific polypeptide fragments in PCV4 that have no cross - reaction with PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3 are used as a detection method, which can quickly identify PCV4 virus, with simple operation, short detection time and low cost. The provided colloidal gold test strip for detecting porcine PCV4 antigen has strong specificity, high sensitivity and accurate results, does not require any instrument and equipment, can be operated on - site, and does not require professional personnel to operate.

The present invention belongs to the field of blood group antibody detection, and relates to use of a blood group antigenic trisaccharide conjugate in the blood group antibody detection, in particular to use of a blood group antigenic trisaccharide A analogue-protein conjugate and a blood group antigenic trisaccharide B analogue-protein conjugate in the blood group antibody detection. The blood group antigenic trisaccharide B analogue is conjugated to a keyhole limpet hemocyanin or a bovine serum albumin. When the blood group antigenic trisaccharide B analogue is a type B2, a conjugation ratio of the blood group antigenic trisaccharide B analogue to the keyhole limpet hemocyanin is 5:1-40:1, and a conjugation ratio of the blood group antigenic trisaccharide B analogue to the bovine serum albumin is 20:1. When the blood group antigenic trisaccharide B analogue is a type B1, a type B3 or a type B4, a conjugation ratio of the blood group antigenic trisaccharide B analogue to the keyhole limpet hemocyanin is 40:1. The blood group antigenic trisaccharide conjugate according to the present invention has good specificity, can identify the corresponding blood group antibody at high detection accuracy, and can be used in the detection of various types of blood group antibodies.

The present invention discloses the preparation and application of a cannabinoid monoclonal antibody, belonging to the field of biotechnology. The specific steps for the preparation of the cannabinoid monoclonal antibody include: (1) hapten preparation: reacting a cannabinoid molecule with methyl 4-chlorobenzoate to obtain the hapten; (2) complete antigen preparation: coupling the hapten with hemocyanin to obtain the complete antigen. The present invention prepares the complete antigens of tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol or cannabidiol, further prepares the corresponding monoclonal antibodies, and then uses the prepared monoclonal antibodies to prepare a colloidal gold test strip. The prepared colloidal gold test strip has strong specificity and high sensitivity. The complete antigen is obtained by coupling a tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol or cannabidiol molecule with hemocyanin.

The application discloses trifluralin hapten, complete antigen, artificial antigen and antibody and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of food safety detection. The trifluralin hapten provided by the application almost retains the complete structure of trifluralin, and further has a carboxyl group which can react with bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, hemocyanin and egg white albumin, so that the trifluralin hapten can be coupled with different carrier proteins to be used as artificial immunogens and coating origins, and then the trifluralin detection antibody is prepared, which is more conducive to stimulating the animal immune response to generate an antibody with stronger specificity and higher sensitivity. The trifluralin antibody has high sensitivity and good specificity, and can be used for rapidly detecting the residual trifluralin in animal food.

The application relates to a monoclonal antibody of alpha, beta and gamma amatoxin and a preparation method and application thereof. The monoclonal antibody of alpha amatoxin is prepared from an alpha amatoxin artificial antigen, the monoclonal antibody of beta amatoxin is prepared from a beta amatoxin artificial antigen, and the monoclonal antibody of gamma amatoxin is prepared from a gamma amatoxin artificial antigen; the alpha amatoxin artificial antigen is a conjugate of alpha amatoxin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, the beta amatoxin artificial antigen is a conjugate of beta amatoxin and bovine serum albumin, and the gamma amatoxin artificial antigen is a conjugate of gamma amatoxin and human serum albumin. The three antibodies have a small cross-reaction rate, can simultaneously detect and distinguish alpha-AMA, beta-AMA and gamma-AMA in a sample, and have high accuracy.

The invention provides a kit for detecting endotoxin and a detection method thereof. The kit comprises: a capture unit: a recombinant crab-like hemocyanin factor C fixed on the surface of a solid phase carrier; the signal probe is composed of a polyclonal anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody coupled with gold nanoparticles and horse radish peroxidase; the reaction buffer solution is a Tris-HCl buffer solution containing calcium ions required by activation of Factor C and a surfactant; the signal substrate solution is a peroxidase chromogenic substrate solution containing 3, 3 ', 5, 5'-tetramethyl benzidine; the stop solution comprises a dilute sulphuric acid solution and an endotoxin standard substance. The rapid, high-sensitivity and high-specificity endotoxin detection kit based on the recombinant factor C and the nano signal amplification technology has the advantages of high specificity, interference resistance, high sensitivity, rapidness, convenience and the like, and is wide in application prospect.

The application relates to the technical field of shrimp molecular immunology, and in particular to an anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody and application. The anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody is anti-SHC-5C8, which can be expressed by recombinant Expi293 cells containing a recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1 of the anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody gene. The anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody has good specificity, can be specifically combined with two subunits with molecular weights of 73kDa and 75kDa of Chinese shrimp hemocyanin, and can be applied as a positive internal reference for detecting the content of the anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody in animals immunized with Chinese shrimp hemocyanin.

The invention provides a novel streptococcus group A oligosaccharide antigen and glycobinding protein vaccine, which is characterized in that oligosaccharide antigen containing 30-70% of N-acetyl glucamine multi-rhamnose core skeleton structure is accurately prepared through chemical synthesis, and is efficiently coupled with KLH (the loading capacity is about 215 oligosaccharide / KLH molecules); safe, efficient and broad-spectrum immune protection is realized; safety: the GlcNAc side chain modification design avoids autoimmune risks (such as acute rheumatic fever heat); high efficiency: the animal experiment antibody titer reaches 1: 12, 800; the broad spectrum is as follows: the highly conservative universal GAS oligosaccharide antigen can universally cover various serotypes, and the key synthetic route (Scheme 2, 3, 16 and 20, the yield is 22%-96%) and the loading capacity verification (HPAEC) support the technical feasibility.

The invention relates to the technical field of molecular immunology of prawns, in particular to a monoclonal antibody for resisting haemocyanin of Chinese prawns and application, the monoclonal antibody for resisting haemocyanin of Chinese prawns is anti-SHC-6D6 and can be expressed through a recombinant Expi293 cell of a recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1 containing a monoclonal antibody gene for resisting haemocyanin of Chinese prawns; the monoclonal antibody for resisting the fenneropenaeus chinensis haemocyanin is good in specificity, can be specifically combined to two subunits with the molecular weights of 73kDa and 75kDa of the fenneropenaeus chinensis haemocyanin, and can be used as a positive internal reference for detecting the content of the monoclonal antibody for resisting the fenneropenaeus chinensis haemocyanin in animals immunized by the fenneropenaeus chinensis haemocyanin.

Provided herein are composition and methods for repelling an arachnid or an insect from a subject or a fabric comprising applying a composition comprising one or more of hemoglobin, hemocyanin and myoglobin. Also provided are compositions comprising two or more of hemoglobin, hemocyanin and myoglobin.

The application discloses a New Delhi tomato leaf curl virus coat protein polypeptide, antigen, antibody and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of organism immunity detection. The application is based on ToLCNDV CP to design a polypeptide sequence, and provides a New Delhi tomato leaf curl virus coat protein polypeptide. The antigen prepared by coupling the polypeptide with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) can obtain a New Delhi tomato leaf curl virus antibody with high sensitivity and specificity, and can be used for screening the virus, and realizes instant detection and early warning of the ToLCNDV virus. Meanwhile, the application provides a theoretical basis and technical support for establishment of a virus serological diagnosis method and related detection product research and development, and is helpful to development of more accurate, efficient and portable detection products, so as to better serve the virus monitoring, quarantine and prevention and control work.

The present invention belongs to the field of blood type antibody detection, and relates to the application of a blood type antigen trisaccharide A analog protein conjugate in blood type antibody detection. The blood type antigen trisaccharide A analog is A2 type; it is coupled with hemocyanin or bovine serum albumin to form a blood type antigen trisaccharide A analog protein conjugate; the coupling ratio between it and the hemocyanin or bovine serum albumin is 10:1-80:1. The blood type antigen trisaccharide conjugate of the present invention has good specificity, can identify corresponding blood type antibodies, has high detection accuracy, and can be applied to various types of blood type antibody detection.

The application discloses a polystyrene micro-nano plastic immunochromatography time-resolved fluorescence kit and application thereof. The kit comprises a fluorescence test strip and a sample reaction bottle containing quantum dot fluorescence microsphere labeled anti-polystyrene monoclonal antibody freeze-dried product. The fluorescence test strip comprises a bottom plate, the adhesive surface of the bottom plate is sequentially pasted with a water absorption pad, a detection pad and a sample pad from top to bottom, adjacent pads are connected through overlapping connection at a connecting position, the detection pad takes a nitrocellulose membrane as a base pad, a transverse quality control line and a detection line are arranged on the nitrocellulose membrane from top to bottom, the quality control line is coated with anti-mouse polyclonal antibody, and a polystyrene-hemocyanin conjugate is coated on the detection line. The immunochromatography time-resolved fluorescence kit provided by the application can realize quantitative detection of polystyrene, has the advantages of high specificity, high sensitivity, simple sample pretreatment, small environmental pollution hazard and suitability for on-site batch detection.

The application relates to the technical field of shrimp molecular immunology, and in particular to an anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody and application. The anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody is anti-SHC-14B3, which can be expressed by recombinant Expi293 cells containing a recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1 of the anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody gene. The anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody has good specificity, can be specifically combined with two subunits of Chinese shrimp hemocyanin with molecular weights of 73 kDa and 75 kDa, and can be applied as a positive internal reference for detecting the content of the anti-Chinese shrimp hemocyanin monoclonal antibody in animals immunized with Chinese shrimp hemocyanin.

The invention discloses a yellow-blue discoloration hemocyanin mancozeb compound bactericide and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of pesticide preparation, the yellow-blue discoloration hemocyanin mancozeb compound bactericide comprises, by mass, 30%-80% of mancozeb, 0.0001%-1% of hemocyanin, 2%-8% of supramolecular carriers and 4%-65% of auxiliaries, the compound bactericide is yellow, and the compound bactericide becomes blue when making contact with water. According to the invention, mancozeb and hemocyanin are inlaid through the supramolecular carrier, so that efficient synergy of biological protein and a chemical bactericide is realized, same-effect prevention and treatment are realized under the condition that the dosage of mancozeb is reduced, and the pollution to the environment is reduced; the stability of biological protein is improved, and the lasting period of the compound bactericide is prolonged; multi-stage targeted delivery is realized, so that the permeability of the bactericide to crop leaf surfaces is improved, and meanwhile, the drug resistance risk of crops to the bactericide is also reduced; meanwhile, the specific oxygenation discoloration characteristic of the hemocyanin is utilized, so that the drug effect of the sterilization component is visually monitored.

The application discloses a kind of anti-swine PCV4 monoclonal antibodies, it is characterized in that, based on PCV4 specific protein sequence synthesis sequence PCV4-C157, wherein the PCV4-C157 sequence is KPQDPSGETHTLHFQP;Synthetic sequence is coupled with inert protein hemocyanin after injection immunization is carried out to animal, after immunization, serum is collected, antibody in serum is extracted, and specific antibody is prepared, and the monoclonal antibody prepared based on the specific polypeptide fragment in PCV4 without cross reaction with PCV1, PCV2, PCV3 is used as detection approach, PCV4 virus can be quickly identified, simple operation, short detection time and low cost, the provided detection pig PCV4 antigen colloidal gold test strip is strong in specificity, high in sensitivity, accurate in result, does not need any instrument and equipment, can be operated on site, and does not need to be operated by professional personnel.