The invention provides a core-shell structure catalyst for directional catalytic conversion of
biomass synthesis gas, and also provides a preparation method and application of the core-shell structurecatalyst. The core-shell structure catalyst comprises a core layer and a shell layer, wherein the core layer is prepared from small-grain composite
metal oxide, and the shell layer is prepared from porous
solid acid; the small-grain composite
metal oxide is a
solid solution or mixture of two or more oxides of ZnO, ZrO2, Co3O4, Fe2O3, In2O3, Ga2O3, CuO, Mn2O3, NiO, Cr2O3, La2O3 and CeO2. The core-shell catalyst adopts the
solid solution or mixture of the small-grain composite
metal oxide having a synergistic effect on hydrogenation of CO and CO2 as the core layer, and uses the
solid acid having a microporous, mesoporous or multi-stage pore structure as the shell layer. The catalyst is prepared into a core-shell structure by means of a freeze-
drying method, so that not only is the problem of lower hydrogenation conversion rate of CO2 in the
biomass synthesis gas at present solved, but the conversion rate of CO hydrogenation is also further improved.