34 results about "High Gravity" patented technology

The application belongs to the field of fine chemical industry and environmental protection, and particularly relates to a method for preparing metal triflate by using high gravity reaction. The method comprises the following steps: 1, using trifluoromethylsulfonyl chloride and anhydrous HF gas as raw materials to generate trifluoromethylsulfonyl fluoride gas; 2, performing gas-liquid contact reaction of the trifluoromethylsulfonyl fluoride gas with an alkali metal solution to obtain a mixed solution; 3, performing solid-liquid separation on the mixed solution by using a filter press, and the liquid phase is a triflate salt solution; 4, drying the triflate salt solution by using a spray dryer to obtain a solid-phase product triflate salt. The method uses trifluoromethylsulfonyl chloride and anhydrous HF as raw materials to replace triflic acid in the traditional method, and utilizes high gravity reaction, so that the production cost is greatly reduced. The process is simple, the obtained product triflate metal salt has low impurity content, is superior to the industry standard, the process is zero emission, and has good economic value and social value.

The invention discloses a supergravity device capable of promoting foaming and devolatilization of a high-viscosity polymer and an application method. The supergravity device comprises a shell, a motor, a distribution disc, a rotor, an ultrasonic generation device, a liquid feeding hole, a gas outlet, a liquid discharging hole and a gas inlet, a rotating shaft of the motor penetrates through the lower surface of the shell and extends into the shell; the upper end of the rotating shaft is fixedly connected with the rotor; a packing ring is fixed on the circumference of the upper surface of the rotor, and a cavity structure in the middle of the packing ring forms a liquid inlet cavity; a distribution disc fixedly connected with the upper surface of the rotor is horizontally arranged in the liquid inlet cavity; the motor is connected with the rotor through a rotating shaft; according to the method, ultrasonic energy is introduced into a super-gravity field, liquid film updating is enhanced through the sound field cavitation and fluid disturbance effect, and multi-scale coupling of the sound field and the gravity field is achieved in combination with interface structure and wettability regulation and control, so that the gas-liquid mass transfer rate and devolatilization efficiency are remarkably improved, and the TDI removal rate is larger than or equal to 90%.

The application relates to a high gravity-microwave assisted concentration device for water solution element analysis, which comprises an inner cavity, an outer cavity, a heat exchanger and a condensed liquid storage tank; a microwave generator is arranged in the inner cavity, an air inlet is arranged on the side wall, a flow guide plate is fixed on the inner side wall and can be rotated around the fixed shaft as the center, the microwave generator is arranged on the upper wall of the inner cavity and is close to the upper wall, a concentrated liquid discharge port is arranged at the bottom of the inner cavity, the outer cavity is fixed on the outer side of the inner cavity and completely wraps the inner cavity to form a sealed environment, a gap of 4cm-15cm is arranged between the outer cavity and the inner cavity, an inert gas pipeline connected with inert gas is fixed on the top of the outer cavity, and the bottom is connected with the concentrated liquid storage tank; one end of the heat exchanger is connected with the feeding port, the other end is connected with high-temperature steam of volatile liquid separated from the mixed fluid, and the bottom is connected with the condensed liquid storage tank. The device can shorten the concentration time and improve the concentration efficiency.

The invention discloses a method for preparing an M (at) molecular sieve catalyst through supergravity in-situ confinement and application thereof, and the method comprises the following steps: adding an active metal M into water, or mixing an active metal M salt with a ligand compound in water to form a first solution; mixing an aluminum source, a silicon source and a template guiding agent in water to form a second solution; dropwise adding the first solution into the second solution, and stirring at room temperature; preparing an M (at) molecular sieve silica-alumina sol precursor solution; introducing the obtained M (at) molecular sieve silica-alumina sol precursor solution into a supergravity reactor, and carrying out cyclic mixing and stepped heating crystallization; after crystallization is completed, cooling, washing and drying; and roasting the dried sample to obtain the M-coated molecular sieve catalyst.

The application provides a method and a high gravity separation nanomaterial machine, and belongs to the technical field of nanomaterial preparation, and comprises the following steps: 1) starting the high gravity separation machine to reach a set rotating speed; 2) feeding liquid into the feeding port of the machine, and entering the separation zone from the outer spiral flow channel entrance; 3) most of the feeding liquid flows along the outer spiral flow channel in a tangential direction, the particles in the feeding liquid are deposited on the inclined surface of the flow channel and slide outward, a small part of the feeding liquid gradually passes through the slits between the outer spiral flow channel and the top plate to produce shearing mixing effect on the sliding particles, and high-concentration suspension is formed and enters the collecting tank; 4) the feeding liquid leaves the separation zone, enters the backflow zone along the inner spiral flow channel entrance, and is sprayed out from the discharging port; and 5) the high-concentration suspension is rapidly deposited in the collecting tank, and the clear liquid enters the backflow zone from the backflow channel. The application significantly improves the separation efficiency, and can simply, rapidly, efficiently, at low cost and with high quality separate various nanomaterials.

Provided in the present application is a method for screening stress-resistant yeast suitable for very high gravity brewing. In the method, the stress-resistant yeast suitable for very high gravity brewing is obtained by performing screening on the basis of the trehalose content in the yeast and the residual sugar concentration under stress conditions after yeast activation.

The application discloses a preparation method of hydroxyapatite microspheres, which comprises the following steps: 1) mixing hydroxyapatite raw materials with water to prepare hydroxyapatite slurry; 2) feeding the hydroxyapatite slurry obtained in the step 1) into a high gravity reactor, and mixing and modifying in situ by adding a surfactant in the high gravity reactor; 3) spray drying the modified slurry to obtain hydroxyapatite microspheres; and 4) sintering the microspheres to obtain the hydroxyapatite microspheres. The hydroxyapatite microspheres prepared by the method have a density of 3.10-3.20 g / cm 3 , a compactness of greater than or equal to 95%, a crystallinity of greater than or equal to 95%, a particle size of 20-60 mu m, a degradation rate of less than 2% after being soaked in a simulated body fluid for 30 days, a single crystal phase, complete crystallization, stable structure, and difficulty in degradation, and the obtained microspheres have high sphericity, good dispersity, excellent compactness and crystallinity.

This invention discloses a method for activating metal-organic framework (MOF) materials using a high-gravity rotating packed bed, comprising the following steps: 1) adding the MOF material to a solvent to obtain a MOF material suspension; 2) controlling the temperature and sealing the high-gravity rotating packed bed, and introducing the MOF material suspension into the high-gravity rotating packed bed through the inlet; setting the rotation speed of the high-gravity rotating bed, starting the motor, and continuously activating for 0.05-6 hours, then removing the material to complete the activation; 3) centrifuging, filtering, and drying the activated MOF material suspension to obtain the activated MOF material. This method can accelerate the dissolution / diffusion process of unreacted metal salts, organic ligands, and solvent molecules used in synthesis within the pores of MOF materials in the activation solvent, achieving highly efficient activation of MOF materials and significantly shortening the activation time.

The invention discloses a supergravity reactor based on microcell in-situ displacement heat and a system device thereof. The supergravity reactor based on micro-area in-situ heat displacement comprises a shell, a motor, a rotor filler, a stator, a first liquid inlet pipe, a second liquid inlet pipe and a refrigerant radial graded spraying system, the system device comprises a refrigerant input pipe, a main reaction material input pipe, a main reaction refrigerant input pipe, a supergravity reactor based on micro-area in-situ displacement heat, a product separation device and a refrigerant circulating device, the supergravity reactor overcomes the defect that radial mixing and heat transfer are not uniform due to an existing single-point feeding mode, and an enhanced reaction environment which is uniform in radial mixing and temperature field height and can be precisely regulated and controlled is provided for rapid exothermic reactions such as alkylation and sulfonation through an innovative micro-area compensation type structural design.

The invention relates to a method for separating and purifying an antioxidant 1010 by using supergravity, which belongs to a chemical separation and purification technology and adopts the links of raw material pretreatment, solvent preparation, supergravity core process, slurry post-treatment and the like. The method aims at molecular characteristics and purification requirements of the antioxidant 1010 by means of strengthening microscopic mass transfer and instantaneous mixing, constructing a uniform supersaturation field, triggering synchronous explosion nucleation and uniform growth, forming high-purity narrow-granularity crystals, inhibiting an amplification effect through continuous operation, and efficiently recycling a solvent to reduce energy consumption. The technical breakthrough of high purity, high efficiency and no amplification effect is effectively realized.

The application discloses a method for preparing 4-hexen-3-one by using an aluminum chloride ionic liquid combined with a high gravity reactor, and belongs to the technical field of compound preparation. The method comprises the following steps: adding dichloromethane and an aluminum chloride ionic liquid into a storage tank, stirring and cooling; pumping propionyl chloride into a high gravity reactor, introducing propylene gas, and controlling the reaction temperature; after the reaction is completed, the reaction liquid is separated into layers, and the ionic liquid layer is separated out and recycled; the dichloromethane layer is washed by a sodium carbonate aqueous solution, and then is transferred to a rectifying column; dichloromethane is recovered by normal pressure distillation, and 4-hexen-3-one products are collected by reduced pressure distillation. Compared with the prior art, the application significantly improves the yield of 4-hexen-3-one by optimizing the catalyst system and the reaction conditions, and the catalyst system of the application shows a relatively low activity decline rate in multiple cycles, thereby reducing the production cost and environmental pollution, and having a good industrial application prospect.

The present disclosure relates generally to packing materials for high gravity devices and, more particularly, to reticulated, non-metal foam packing materials for use in rotating packed bed apparatus.

The present application relates to the technical field of aquaculture equipment, and proposes a lobster breeding net cage feeding integrated device, which comprises a floating frame assembly, the floating frame assembly comprises a buoyancy frame, the outer wall of the buoyancy frame is fixed with a buoy, the corner position is fixed with a movable support, and the top frame is fixed between the top ends of the movable supports; the feeding system comprises a storage assembly and a feeding assembly, the storage assembly is installed in the top frame through an elastic support mechanism, and the feeding assembly is installed at the bottom end of the storage assembly; the breeding unit comprises a net cage assembly and a slag removal mechanism, and the net cage assembly is fixed at the bottom of the buoyancy frame. Through the above technical scheme, the problems of the existing lobster net cage breeding device are solved, such as the increase of the lobster escape risk caused by the increase of the sinking amount of the floating frame after feeding, the influence of the high gravity center of the feeding system on the stability of the floating state of the device, and the blockage of the slag removal pipeline at the bottom of the net cage during the pumping process due to the accumulation of waste slag, thereby reducing the slag removal efficiency.

The invention relates to the technical field of dust removal devices, in particular to a high gravity field coupling chemical agglomeration reinforced dust removal device. The top of the frame is communicated with an impurity discharge pipe and an air inlet pipe internally provided with an agglomeration agent injection pipe, an outer valve cylinder is fixedly installed in the middle of the frame, the inner wall of the outer valve cylinder is rotationally connected with an inner valve ring, a reversing frame and an upper valve ring are rotationally installed on the frame, four dust removal mechanisms are arranged on the reversing frame in the circumferential direction, and each dust removal mechanism comprises a shell and a support which are fixedly installed on the reversing frame. Two branch pipes are communicated between the shell and the inner valve ring, a dust removal vibration frame is connected to the support in a sliding mode, a sleeve shaft and a transmission shaft are rotationally connected to the support, and a mandrel is rotationally connected to the sleeve shaft. The device has the beneficial effects that through the design of the rotary frame and the four-station annular layout, the four dust removal mechanisms are arrayed on the rotary frame along the circumference and synchronously enter the four stations of air inlet, agglomeration, dust removal and self-cleaning under the driving of the transposition motor.

The application discloses a super gravity solvent purification bed, which comprises a heat preservation shell and multiple layers of cylinder bodies. Flanges are arranged at the upper and lower ends of each cylinder body. The cylinder bodies of adjacent layers are detachably connected through the opposite flanges. A first limiting groove is arranged at the outer periphery of the uppermost flange, and a second limiting groove is arranged at the outer periphery of the lowermost flange. The heat preservation shell is sleeved outside the cylinder bodies, and the upper end of the heat preservation shell is connected with the first limiting groove, and the lower end of the heat preservation shell is connected with the second limiting groove. The super gravity solvent purification bed has the advantages of convenient disassembly and assembly, simple manufacturing, and beautiful appearance.

The application discloses a supergravity separation equipment under negative pressure and belongs to the technical field of waste gas treatment devices. The supergravity separation equipment comprises a shell, an L-shaped support is fixedly installed at the rear side of the shell close to the bottom, a driving motor is fixedly installed at the top of the L-shaped support close to the front side, a transmission rod is fixedly installed at the power output shaft shaft end of the driving motor, a through hole is formed in the middle position of the inner cavity bottom of the shell, a connecting shell A is fixedly installed in the inner cavity of the through hole, a connecting shell B is fixedly sleeved on the outer periphery of the transmission rod close to the middle position, and ball bearings are arranged on the sides, close to the middle positions, of the connecting shell A and the connecting shell B. When the inflation air bag is heated and inflated, the deformation of the inflation air bag can make the insulating ring move to the outer periphery, so that the conductive block can be in contact with the electrode sheet, power can be provided for the fixed motor, the subsequent cooling work can be conveniently carried out, manual control is not needed, the ball bearings can be cooled in time, and the use effect of the device is improved.

The application relates to the field of soil materials, and aims to provide a high-density high-strength improved soil based on barite powder and a preparation method thereof.A high-density high-strength improved soil based on barite powder comprises undisturbed soil material, barite powder, cement and additional water, the weight ratio of the undisturbed soil material, the barite powder and the cement is 1:(0.2-0.8):(0.1-0.2), the weight ratio of the cement and the additional water is 1:(0.4-0.6), wherein the particle density of the barite powder is 3.0 g / cm 3 -4.0 g / cm 3 , and the particle size of the barite powder is 0.075 mm-0.15 mm.The undisturbed soil body is improved by the waste barite powder, the mechanical properties of the undisturbed soil body are effectively improved, and good economic benefits are achieved.

The application discloses a method for synthesizing 2-chloro-2-oxygen-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane in a high gravity reactor, and relates to the field of organic synthesis and chemical production, and comprises the following steps: an ultrasonic two-phase flow disperser is used to perform high-efficiency mixing of oxygen and 2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (CUP) reaction liquid in a gas-liquid two-phase mode, and the gas-liquid mixture is sprayed onto a high-speed rotating rotor, the centrifugal force of the rotor is used to disperse oxygen into a large amount of nanometer bubbles in the CUP reaction liquid, the solubility of oxygen in the CUP reaction liquid reaches saturation, and the CUP rapidly reacts on the surface of the nanometer oxygen bubbles, so that a gas-liquid two-phase oxidation reaction process is completed, and COP is finally obtained. The method can realize COP yield >= 95 %.

The application discloses a differential type modular supergravity rotating packed bed and a natural gas decarburization method, and belongs to the technical field of supergravity rotating packed beds. The supergravity rotating packed bed comprises an outer shell, a horizontally rotatable rotor installed in the outer shell and a spraying pipe. A packing support frame, a packing cover plate and a plurality of layers of packing arranged in a ring are arranged on the rotor. The packing is fixedly arranged between the packing support frame and the packing cover plate. The packing rotates with the packing support frame. The rotating speeds of the layers of packing are different. The design solves the problem that liquid stays in the packed bed for a short time through a differential mechanism. The residence time of the reaction liquid in the packing is increased. More gas can be resolved or purer components can be refined under unit energy consumption. The total energy consumption of the system is reduced. Meanwhile, the modular design can only replace some modules with relatively serious corrosion during use of the supergravity rotating packed bed. The rotor rotating stability is improved. The production and operation cost of enterprises is also saved.

The application provides a gas-liquid-liquid impinging stream supergravity device, a system and a control method, and belongs to the technical field of supergravity chemical process intensification. The device comprises a shell, a filler layer, a driving element, an annular liquid distributor, an upper liquid inlet, a lower liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, a gas inlet and a gas outlet. The application is suitable for gas-liquid-liquid and gas-liquid-liquid-solid multiphase reactions, rapid mixing, mass transfer and (catalytic) reaction of liquid-liquid two-phase under the protection of a special gas atmosphere, and violent and rapid reactions which are prone to heat release or heat absorption.

The application discloses a filter and a sorting device for high gravity sorting, relates to the technical field of fine-grained mineral gravity sorting, and aims to solve the problems of poor filtering effect on overflow products, low sorting efficiency caused by too many minerals in filtrate and the problem that the filtrate cannot be reused in the prior art. The filter comprises a propeller blade, an outer cylinder and an inner cylinder, the propeller blade is arranged in the inner cylinder, the inner cylinder is arranged in the outer cylinder, and a space between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder is used as a filtrate space; a spiral gap extending along the axial direction of the inner cylinder is formed in the side wall of the inner cylinder, the spiral gap is coaxially arranged with the inner cylinder, a spiral screen is arranged on the spiral gap, the inner cylinder is communicated with the filtrate space through the spiral screen, a discharge port is formed in the bottom end of the inner cylinder, and a liquid discharge port is formed in the bottom end of the filtrate space. The application can be used for mineral sorting.

This invention relates to a method for separating Si, Al, and Ag from waste photovoltaic cells using a high-gravity melting-precipitation technique, belonging to the field of photovoltaic solid waste recycling technology. The invention involves placing waste photovoltaic cells in a high-gravity separation device and heating them under an inert atmosphere to completely melt the Ag and Al on the surface, while the internal Si remains solid. High-gravity melting separation yields solid elemental Si and an Al-Ag-Si melt. The Al-Ag-Si melt is then cooled at a uniform rate and melted to obtain a mixture of Al-Ag melt and solid elemental Si. High-gravity melting separation yields Al-Ag melt and solid elemental Si. Metallic Mg is added to the Al-Ag melt and completely dissolved. Stirring and melting separation yields a mixture of Al melt and solid Ag-Mg compound. High-gravity melting separation yields Al melt and solid Ag-Mg compound. The solid Ag-Mg compound is then separated by vacuum distillation at 900–1000°C to obtain metallic Ag and metallic Mg, with the metallic Mg being recycled. This invention enables the efficient separation of valuable metals Si, Al, and Ag from waste photovoltaic cells.

The utility model relates to a supergravity mixing processing device, which comprises a closed shell, an upper cavity, a lower cavity, a mixing device and a mixing device, wherein the closed shell is divided into an upper cavity and a lower cavity; an electric motor and a coupling are arranged in the upper cavity; the lower cavity comprises an outer cylinder fixedly installed in the lower cavity, a liquid inlet is formed in the side wall of the outer cylinder, and a volute is connected to the top of the outer cylinder; the main shaft is vertically arranged in the lower cavity, the upper portion and the lower portion of the main shaft are fixed to the top of the volute and the bottom of the outer barrel through bearing seats respectively, and the top end of the main shaft penetrates into the upper cavity to be in transmission connection with the coupler; a gas-liquid separation plate is arranged at the upper part of the main shaft barrel, a plurality of layers of inclined blade groups are arranged at the lower part of the main shaft barrel, and each inclined blade group consists of a plurality of blades which are parallel to one another and form an inclined angle with the axis of the main shaft; a plurality of annular isolation plates are arranged on the inner wall of the outer cylinder body at intervals in the axial direction, and a plurality of liquid backflow grooves are formed in the inner wall at equal intervals. The utility model has the advantages that the processing quality fluctuation ratio is effectively controlled, and the energy consumption is reduced compared with the traditional equipment; stable atomized liquid drops are formed, and the chemical processing capacity is improved.

The application belongs to the field of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment, and provides an energy-optimized supergravity decarbonization system with a supergravity device. The supergravity device comprises a shell, a cavity in the shell, a rotating shaft, filler, an upper filler clamping plate and a lower filler clamping plate in the cavity, a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, a gas inlet and a gas outlet on the shell, the filler being arranged between the upper filler clamping plate and the lower filler clamping plate, the upper filler clamping plate being trapezoidal, the lower filler clamping plate being provided with an annular protrusion, one end of the rotating shaft being arranged in the cavity and the other end of the rotating shaft extending out of the shell and being connected with a driving mechanism, the filler being symmetrically arranged on both sides of the rotating shaft, spray pipes being arranged on both sides of the rotating shaft and being connected with the liquid inlet. The supergravity device can improve the uniformity of gas-liquid distribution in the upper half of the filler, reduce the area of invalid gas-liquid contact, improve the utilization rate of liquid, and make the gas and liquid fully contact.

The application belongs to the field of new energy, and discloses a method for preparing lithium carbonate based on a supergravity reactor, which comprises the following steps: step 1: adding a soluble carbonate solution as a bottom liquid into the supergravity reactor; step 2: continuously adding a first solution containing lithium ions into the supergravity reactor; step 3: introducing the product of step 2 into a reaction kettle, continuously adding a second solution containing lithium ions while stirring, and obtaining lithium carbonate after the reaction is completed. The method adopts the supergravity reactor to perform preliminary crystallization operation, obtains liquid with uniform initial particle size, then transfers the liquid with preliminary crystallization into the reaction kettle to further increase the crystal, and through the method, the particle size distribution range of the lithium carbonate can be effectively controlled, and the impurity content is low. Meanwhile, the application also discloses lithium carbonate.

The application relates to the technical field of mineral separation, and discloses a supergravity ore dressing machine, which comprises a base, four supporting legs fixedly connected to the bottom surface of the base, a bottom plate fixedly connected to the bottom surface of every two adjacent supporting legs, and a shell fixedly connected to the top surface of the base, wherein a mixing assembly is arranged above the shell; a separation assembly is arranged in the shell; the mixing assembly comprises a mixing cylinder arranged above the shell, the bottom end surface of the mixing cylinder is fixedly penetrated through the top surface of the shell and extends to the inside of the shell, and a first motor is fixedly connected to the top surface of the mixing cylinder. Through the mixing assembly, the first rotating rod drives the stirring plate to stir the slurry and water entering the mixing cylinder, the helical rod is rotated to perform secondary mixing and stirring on the slurry and water, the slurry and water are fully and uniformly mixed, the slurry can be completely separated, the slurry is prevented from being thrown to the inner wall of the centrifugal chamber, and the collection rate of the supergravity ore dressing machine for minerals is improved.

A double-layer absorption type high gravity device includes a housing, a rotating bed unit, a rotating shaft, a rinsing layer, a baffle unit and a conduit. The rotating bed unit is disposed in the housing. The rinsing layer is disposed in the housing and is spaced above the rotating bed unit and cooperates with the rotating bed unit to define a gas flow space therebetween. The baffle unit is disposed in the gas flow space and includes a bottom baffle having a bottom through hole and a top baffle. The top baffle is spaced above the bottom baffle and is spaced from the housing and completely covers the bottom through hole in the axial direction of the rotating shaft. The double-layer absorption type high gravity device can absorb different pollutants in the gas, can avoid mixing of the rinsing liquid with the liquid supplied by the conduit and can make the gas flowing through the bottom through hole uniformly enter the rinsing layer.

The invention discloses a supergravity deamination device which comprises a tank body, a top plate is mounted at the top of the tank body, a stirring mechanism is mounted at the top of the top plate, and a liquid spraying mechanism and a filling mechanism are mounted in the tank body. According to the supergravity deamination device, a stirring mechanism is assembled in a movable top-entry type installation mode, the device is convenient to disassemble and maintain, meanwhile, the requirement for mechanical sealing performance of the device is low, a spiral nozzle is adopted for material distribution, it is guaranteed that liquid is evenly distributed on an overflowing interface, meanwhile, a large-channel interaction interface is adopted, the device is not prone to being blocked, and the service life of the device is prolonged. The filler structure is fixed in the tank body, a stirring mechanism is adopted to simulate a supergravity environment, liquid is divided into fine liquid drops and liquid filaments through supergravity, a two-phase interaction interface and a mass transfer effect are further enhanced, meanwhile, air or steam can be adopted as an air stripping medium of the equipment, and the application scene and large-scale application of the deamination equipment are greatly improved.

The utility model relates to a kind of desulfurization and decarbonization device, supergravity impinging stream device is rotated by motor, under the action of centrifugal force, absorption liquid reaches impact area by flowing through main pipeline and sleeve pipe outside main pipeline, in impact area, it is equipped with 4 groups of impinging stream, the center of its circular nozzle is distributed on the same circle, using the surrounding arrangement of 4 groups of impinging stream, multiple impingements occur, impingement forms four primary impingement surfaces, radial jet flow two two mutual impingement forms four secondary impingement surfaces, under non-submerged condition, absorption liquid forms atomized radial diffusion zone, produces large-area atomized absorption liquid, and supergravity impinging stream device further stirs flue gas and atomized absorption liquid in the process of rotation, so that atomized absorption liquid in shell and gas are fully mixed and contacted, complete gas-liquid absorption process, realize efficient desulfurization and decarbonization.