29results about How to "High pore volume" patented technology

The application discloses a high-strength, large-pore-volume phosphorus-containing binder, characterized in that the binder comprises a glue, a curing agent and a modifier; the glue comprises a phosphorus-containing compound and an aluminum-containing compound; the curing agent comprises a gamma-aluminum oxide precursor, an acid and an alkylammonium salt, and the modifier is a metal chelate; wherein the colloidal solubility index of the gamma-aluminum oxide precursor is less than or equal to 50%; and the modifier is reacted with the glue in a high-shear dispersion emulsifier. The phosphorus-containing binder provided by the application, in combination with a conventional method, can obtain a catalytic cracking catalyst which, on the basis of high molecular sieve content and large pore volume, still has high wear resistance.

This invention relates to the field of catalyst preparation, and discloses a methanation catalyst, its preparation method and application, and a methanation method. The methanation catalyst contains a catalyst support and a nickel active component. Based on the total mass of the methanation catalyst, the catalyst support comprises 80-90 wt% by mass, and the nickel active component (calculated as oxide) comprises 10-20 wt% by mass. The average mechanical strength of the catalyst support is 35-80 N / mm. The particle mechanical strength dispersion coefficient of the catalyst support is in the range of 0-0.55. The catalyst support has a large specific surface area and pore volume. Combined with the supported nickel active component, it can improve the catalytic activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Simultaneously, the catalyst has high average mechanical strength, resulting in high CO conversion and methane selectivity in the methanation reaction.

The invention provides a carrier for a metallocene catalyst, a preparation method of the carrier, the metallocene catalyst and a preparation method of the metallocene catalyst. The preparation method of the carrier for the metallocene catalyst comprises the following steps: placing silicon dioxide aerogel microspheres in a container for microwave treatment; in the microwave treatment process, hot nitrogen is introduced into the container to purge the silicon dioxide aerogel microspheres; and stopping the microwave treatment, vacuumizing the container, and then introducing normal-temperature nitrogen to purge the silicon dioxide aerogel microspheres, thereby obtaining the carrier for the metallocene catalyst. According to the invention, the silicon dioxide aerogel microspheres are used as the carrier to load the metallocene catalyst, and the silicon dioxide aerogel with high specific surface area and high porosity is used as the carrier, so that the loading capacity of the metallocene compound is improved.

This invention discloses a method for the conversion of C8 mixed aromatics. The method includes the following steps: the C8 mixed aromatics react under the action of a catalyst, and the reaction conditions are as follows: reaction temperature of 385–420℃, preferably 390–410℃; pressure of 1.0–2.0 MPa, preferably 1.0–2.0 MPa; hydrogen / hydrocarbon molar ratio of 1–3, preferably 1.5–2.5; and feed mass hourly space velocity of 7–12 h⁻¹. ‑1 8-10 hours is preferred. ‑1 The catalyst has mesopores with a pore size of 3-6 nm accounting for 45-85% of the total pore volume, preferably 50-75% of the total pore volume. This method enables xylene isomerization into an equilibrium mixture, while more effectively removing alkyl groups from the ethylbenzene side chain.

The invention provides an ethylene copolymer and a preparation method thereof. A catalyst adopted by the preparation method is a metallocene catalyst, and the metallocene catalyst comprises a carrier for the metallocene catalyst, a metallocene compound and a cocatalyst; the carrier is prepared by the following steps: placing silicon dioxide aerogel microspheres in a container for microwave treatment; hot nitrogen is introduced for purging in the microwave treatment; stopping microwave treatment, vacuumizing, and introducing normal-temperature nitrogen for purging to obtain the carrier for the metallocene catalyst; the preparation method comprises a pre-polymerization step and a copolymerization reaction step, the prepolymerization comprises the following steps: mixing a metallocene catalyst and alkyl aluminum, and introducing ethylene for prepolymerization. According to the invention, the silicon dioxide aerogel microspheres are used as the carrier to load the metallocene catalyst, so that the loading capacity of the metallocene compound is improved, the vinyl monomer can be subjected to polymerization reaction on the surface of the silicon dioxide aerogel and in internal pores, the polymerization activity of the metallocene catalyst is improved, and the activity release of the catalyst is stable.

The application discloses a silicon-carbon electrode material, a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S100, uniformly mixing a high polymer template agent, a resin base material and a conductive filler, and curing to obtain a solid-phase mixture; carbonizing the solid-phase mixture in a protective gas atmosphere, decomposing the high polymer template agent to form holes, and preparing a carbon skeleton precursor, wherein the high polymer template agent is polyethylene glycol; S200, activating the carbon skeleton precursor in the protective gas atmosphere, and expanding the internal pores of the carbon skeleton precursor to obtain a carbon skeleton intermediate product; and S300, using a silane gas source and a carbon gas source to perform vapor deposition on the outer surface and the internal pores of the carbon skeleton intermediate product in the protective gas atmosphere, and obtaining the silicon-carbon electrode material.

The application belongs to the field of petroleum refining catalysis technology, and discloses a ZSM-5 additive for increasing propylene production and a preparation and use method thereof. In the method, waste filtrate prepared by using SAPO-34 molecular sieve is used to improve the stability of the molecular sieve under a high-temperature water-containing atmosphere, prevent the molecular sieve channels from being blocked by excessive phosphorus elements, reduce environmental pollution caused by the waste filtrate, improve the specific surface area of the ZSM-5 additive and the stability of the product, realize the dual effects of the stabilization of the molecular sieve by the phosphorus elements and the protection of the organic ammonium channels, complement the low-molecular-weight ammonium polyacrylate, white carbon black and phosphorus aluminum binder, construct a hierarchical pore structure (micropore-mesopore-macropore hierarchical pore), and then obtain the additive with a specific surface area of 150-170 m 2 / g, an addition amount of only 10 wt% can achieve a propylene production effect better than that of 20 wt% of a commercially available additive, the catalyst procurement cost of a refinery is greatly reduced, and the slurry oil yield is reduced and the heavy oil cracking capacity is improved.

This invention discloses a magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (MLD)-based solid alkali-supported ruthenium catalyst, its preparation method, and its application, belonging to the field of chemical catalytic materials technology. This invention uses magnesium-aluminum MLD as a support, metallic ruthenium as the hydrogenation active component, and magnesium oxide as the alkaline component. The preparation method involves mixing an aqueous dispersion of magnesium-aluminum MLD with frozen magnesium salt and an alkaline solution. The core step is to utilize a freeze-thaw process to perform high-dispersion exfoliation and hydrolysis reactions between the magnesium-aluminum MLD layers, generating magnesium hydroxide attached to the support. This magnesium hydroxide is then pyrolyzed to form a MgO / LDHs solid alkali catalyst precursor. This precursor is dispersed in water, mixed with an aqueous ruthenium salt solution, and reduced with a reducing agent solution to obtain the final catalyst. The freeze-thaw process of this invention significantly improves the dispersibility of the active component, achieving a catalyst specific surface area of ​​185 m² / g and a pore volume of 0.28 m³ / g. Applied to the selective hydrogenation reaction of nitrobenzene using methanol as a hydrogen source, no external alkali is required, achieving a nitrobenzene conversion rate of 61.50% and an aniline selectivity of 100%.

The invention discloses a silicon oxide microsphere as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The silicon oxide microspheres are large-aperture silicon oxide microspheres, the specific surface area is 395-750m < 2 > / g, the pore volume is 1.0-3.5 ml / g, and the average aperture is 17-50nm. The silicon oxide microspheres have the characteristics of large specific surface area, large pore volume and large pore diameter, and the catalyst prepared by using the silicon oxide microspheres as the carrier has the advantage that the activity is remarkably improved when the catalyst is applied to olefin polymerization reaction.

The invention relates to a rare earth element Ho modified Ni-based catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof, the rare earth element Ho modified Ni-based catalyst comprises an active component and an auxiliary agent, the active component is NiO, and the auxiliary agent is Ho2O3; the molar ratio of Ho to Ni in the Ni-based catalyst modified by the rare earth element Ho is (0.002-0.008): 1. The auxiliary Ho2O3 is introduced, and the molar ratio of Ho to Ni in the rare earth element Ho modified Ni-based catalyst is regulated to be (0.002-0.008): 1, so that on one hand, the specific surface area and pore volume of NiO can be increased, the average pore size can be reduced, and exposure of active sites is promoted; on the other hand, edge dislocation and defect structures are formed through induction, generation of oxygen vacancies is facilitated, and therefore the catalytic performance is further improved.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an ultra-high-sensitivity gold star nanoparticle / MOF-808 SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) substrate, which comprises the following steps: firstly, synthesizing sea urchin-shaped gold star nanoparticles (GNS) with a multi-tip structure in the presence of an amphiphilic block copolymer by a seed mediated growth method; then, by taking zirconium oxychloride octahydrate and 1, 3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid as precursors, performing hydrothermal reaction to synthesize an MOF-808 metal organic framework carrier; finally, GNS and MOF-808 are combined in a self-assembly mode, and the solid SERS substrate is obtained through ultrasonic loading, centrifugation, freeze drying and grinding. The method is simple and convenient in preparation process and low in cost, and the prepared substrate is high in uniformity, good in signal reproducibility and high in sensitivity and shows excellent structural stability. Wherein the multi-tip structure of the sea urchin-shaped aventuris effectively enhances a local electromagnetic field, and the SERS detection sensitivity is remarkably improved.

The application relates to the technical field of welding materials, in particular to a high-stability lead-free soldering paste without an inner cover and a preparation method thereof, the lead-free soldering paste contains the following components in parts by weight: 10-14 parts of a soldering paste, 86-90 parts of lead-free soldering powder; the lead-free soldering powder is selected from one or more of Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7, Sn98.5Ag1Cu0.5 and Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5; the soldering paste contains the following components in parts by weight: 30-50 parts of rosin, 4-10 parts of resin, 30-50 parts of a solvent, 3-15 parts of an additive, 4-8 parts of a thixotropic agent, 5-10 parts of an organic acid, 0.5-3 parts of a halogen compound and 0.5-2 parts of an antioxidant. In the application, the prepared low-water absorption additive is introduced into the lead-free soldering paste to obtain a high-stability, low-water absorption soldering paste, the soldering paste can be stored for a long time without covering the inner cover, the material for producing the inner cover is saved, the packaging process is simplified, the storage time is prolonged, small and micro enterprises can concentrate on furnace welding, the welding time is reduced, and the energy consumption is reduced.

This invention discloses a method for preparing silica microspheres, the prepared silica microspheres, and their applications. The method for preparing silica microspheres includes: (1) heating a mixture of n-alkane and pitch under reflux to separate a solid product; (2) mixing the solid product from step (1) with a mixture of aromatics I, a first silicon source, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer, and water to obtain a crystallization solution, followed by hydrothermal crystallization and calcination to obtain an intermediate product; (3) mixing the intermediate product from step (2), a second silicon source, a pore-forming agent, and water to obtain a slurry; then, spray-drying and calcining the slurry to obtain the silica microspheres. The silica microspheres prepared by this method have the advantages of large specific surface area, large pore volume, and large average pore size, which significantly improves polymerization activity in olefin polymerization reactions.

The present disclosure provides a preparation method and application of a ruthenium-based nanocluster catalyst and a method for simultaneously coupling conversion of ammonia and carbon dioxide, wherein a magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite is prepared by a coprecipitation method, the magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite is dried and sieved, and then first calcination at 800-1200 DEG C is performed to obtain a magnesium-aluminum composite oxide carrier, the magnesium-aluminum composite oxide carrier comprises magnesium oxide and spinel structure magnesium aluminate, an equal-volume impregnation method is used to impregnate the magnesium-aluminum composite oxide carrier into a ruthenium salt solution, and then second calcination at 300-600 DEG C is performed after drying to obtain the ruthenium-based nanocluster catalyst. The ruthenium-based nanocluster catalyst prepared by the method of the present disclosure has a single-atom nanocatalytic structure, the atomically dispersed metal Ru provides a larger metal surface area for catalytic reaction to occur, the preparation process is simple, the purity is high, the selectivity is strong, and the ruthenium-based nanocluster catalyst exhibits strong stability when used for simultaneously coupling conversion of ammonia and carbon dioxide.

This invention discloses a cubic bifunctional adsorbent material, its preparation method, and its applications. The preparation method includes the following steps: calcining a zeolite imidazole framework at a temperature above 800°C under an inert atmosphere to obtain the cubic bifunctional adsorbent material. The cubic bifunctional adsorbent material of this invention can simultaneously adsorb sulfonamide antibiotics and heavy metals. It also possesses a large specific surface area, numerous adsorption sites, abundant pore structure, large pore volume and diameter, and high adsorption capacity. It is a novel bifunctional adsorbent with excellent performance. When used to treat complex wastewater containing sulfonamide antibiotics and heavy metals, it can effectively remove these substances from the wastewater, demonstrating high practical value and promising application prospects. The preparation method of this invention also has advantages such as simple process, convenient operation, low cost, economic safety, and ease of promotion. It plays a significant role in promoting the large-scale preparation and industrial application of cubic bifunctional adsorbent materials.

The application provides a kind of revivification method of hydrocracking waste catalyst, with hydrocracking waste catalyst as raw material, on the basis of not destroying catalyst forming structure, according to saturated water absorption, different proportion of inorganic acid-organic acid-organic ligand mixed solution is prepared and treated by solvent induced coordination method, the polychaete organic ligand and organic acid in mixed solution are coordinated with dissolved active metal to generate metal-organic complex, re-impregnation process is carried out in micro excess solution, without filtration and avoiding the phenomenon of metal loss caused in drying process, without re-shaping treatment and additional carrier and metal, realizing the recycling of hydrocracking waste catalyst, and effectively improving the hydrocracking reaction performance of catalyst. The application improves resource utilization, simplifies process treatment process, greatly reduces energy consumption, effectively saves cost, realizes the sustainable utilization of waste resources.

The application belongs to the technical field of nanocomposites, and particularly relates to a macroporous nanosilica composite material and a preparation method thereof. The macroporous nanosilica composite material comprises nanomacroporous silica and a lubricating additive loaded in the silica material; the nanomacroporous silica has a particle size of 50-110 nm and a pore size of 3-30 nm. The application optimizes and adjusts raw materials and a preparation process, so that the nanosilica composite material has excellent tribological and lubricating properties and can meet the application requirements in the self-lubricating field. The preparation method of the application has simple raw materials, mild process conditions, and no need for complex equipment, and is very convenient for industrial production. The preparation method of the application is simple in operation, low in production cost, and suitable for industrial production. The prepared product has certain stability, excellent lubricating property, and wide application range.

The present application relates to the field of new energy technology, in particular to a method for controlling ammonia borane hydrolysis hydrogen release in solid phase system, the solid phase system is AB@metal M / aerogel porous material; the amount of water added to the solid phase system is controlled to control the amount of AB hydrolysis hydrogen release. The AB@metal M / aerogel porous material is: AB is encapsulated in the aerogel porous material loaded with metal catalyst M. The catalyst is loaded on the aerogel porous material, and AB can be encapsulated in these aerogel porous materials due to the certain solid morphology of the aerogel porous material. The amount of water added to the AB@metal M / aerogel porous material is controlled to control the AB hydrolysis hydrogen release process. The method for controlling hydrogen release in the solid phase system can solve the problem that the liquid phase hydrogen release process is difficult to control, and can be applied to vehicle-mounted energy devices, and has the characteristics of convenient vehicle-mounted, simple operation and easy process control.

This invention relates to the field of catalyst preparation, and discloses a methane dry reforming catalyst, its preparation method and application, and a method for methane dry reforming. The methane dry reforming catalyst comprises a catalyst support and an active metal; the active metal is selected from at least one of Ni, Ru, Rh, Ir, and Pt; the mass percentage of the catalyst support is 80-99 wt% based on the total mass of the catalyst, and the mass percentage of the active metal (based on oxides) is 1-20 wt%; the average mechanical strength of the catalyst support is 20-60 N / mm; the particle mechanical strength dispersion coefficient of the catalyst support is in the range of 0-0.52. This catalyst, when used in the reaction of methane dry reforming to syngas, exhibits high methane conversion and hydrogen selectivity.

This invention discloses a catalytic flue gas desulfurizing agent and its preparation method, belonging to the field of flue gas desulfurization technology. Specific steps include: mixing a carrier with a glucose aqueous solution, molding the mixture, and then subjecting it to drying and calcination. The carrier is then impregnated with an active metal impregnation solution, followed by drying and calcination to finally obtain the catalytic flue gas desulfurizing agent. The carrier is prepared by forming particles in a granulation container using a specific doping composition and a curing agent, followed by calcination. Compared with existing technologies, the catalyst of this invention maintains a high specific surface area and an open mesoporous structure at high temperatures, enhancing mass transfer efficiency and mechanical strength, significantly improving the dispersibility of active components and the diffusion efficiency of reactants, achieving excellent desulfurization effects, and showing promising industrial application prospects.

The application discloses a preparation method of PST-2 molecular sieve, and particularly relates to the following steps: (1) uniformly mixing a mixture of a silicon source, an aluminum source, a mineralizer A, an organic template agent and water to obtain a molecular sieve mother liquor, performing primary crystallization under certain temperature conditions, and cooling to room temperature; (2) performing secondary crystallization on the material in step (1), and obtaining the PST-2 molecular sieve after filtering, washing, drying and calcining the solid product. The PST-2 molecular sieve preparation method is simple and easy to operate, and has high molecular sieve yield; the PST-2 molecular sieve prepared by the method has large specific surface area, large pore volume and high silicon-aluminum ratio, and has a bright application prospect in the field of petroleum refining.

The application provides a BiOI with iodine defects 1‑x Rod-like material, preparation method and application thereof. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate and 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid are added into methanol in proportion, and a metal organic framework [Bi9(C9H3O6)·9(H2O)9] is synthesized by heating at 100-140 DEG C for 20-24 h; the metal organic framework is mixed with ammonium iodide in proportion, and then is subjected to water bath at 60-100 DEG C for 0.5-1.5 h to derive rod-like BiOI; the obtained BiOI is calcined in a muffle furnace at 350-450 DEG C to obtain the rod-like BiOI material with iodine defects, which is represented as BiOI 1‑x . The material has the rod-like microstructure of the precursor [Bi9(C9H3O6)·9(H2O)9], the axial size is slightly reduced, the diameter of the rod is about 1-2 microns, the length is about 3-8 microns, the surface is rough, and the material has a porous structure. The material can be used as a photocatalyst for degradation of gaseous formaldehyde and liquid tetracycline, and both have excellent degradation performance.

The present application relates to the field of adsorption materials, and discloses a hierarchical pore MOFs-based composite phase change material, a preparation method and application thereof.The MOFs-based composite phase change material comprises a hierarchical pore MOFs material having micropores, mesopores and macropores simultaneously, and a phase change material loaded in the macropore channels of the hierarchical pore MOFs material.The hierarchical pore MOFs-based composite phase change material prepared by the present application has a higher specific surface area and pore volume, and has a certain number of micropores, mesopores and macropores respectively, and the functions of the pore channels of different sizes are fully developed.In the process of adsorbing VOCs in micropores, the mesopores are beneficial to the mass transfer of rapid adsorption of the adsorbate, the adsorption rate is improved, and the phase change material in the macropores can store adsorption heat to inhibit the bed temperature rise and improve the bed adsorption efficiency.

The invention relates to a catalyst for preparing p-methyl styrene by dehydrogenation of p-methyl ethylbenzene and a reaction process method thereof. The catalyst mainly solves the problems of low selectivity of p-methylstyrene, poor dehydrogenation activity of the catalyst at a low water ratio and the like caused by serious two side reactions of isomerization and deethylation in a technology for preparing p-methylstyrene by dehydrogenation of p-methylethylbenzene. The invention also provides a bi-component pore-forming scheme for preparing internal mesopores of the catalyst, the pore volume and the specific surface area are obviously increased, the reaction activity and the carbon deposition resistance of the catalyst are effectively improved, and meanwhile, a reaction process method suitable for the methyl ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst is also explored. In the reaction process of synthesizing p-methylstyrene by dehydrogenation of p-methyl ethylbenzene, carbon dioxide or nitrobenzene and water are simultaneously introduced as a reaction atmosphere medium, so that the reaction conversion rate can be further improved, reaction carbon deposition can be effectively controlled, and the reaction stability of the catalyst is well ensured.

The present application relates to isobutane dehydrogenation to isobutene chemical technology field, provide a kind of isobutane dehydrogenation to isobutene catalyst and its preparation method, the catalyst includes first active component, first adjuvant, second adjuvant and carrier.The preparation method of the catalyst includes the following steps: first, with isopropyl alcohol aluminum and bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as raw material preparation supported first adjuvant carrier;Then with alcohol-water solution as solvent, under stirring, join the platinum salt containing first active component and the alkali metal salt containing second adjuvant, then join the supported first adjuvant carrier, ultrasonic dispersion after vacuum rotary evaporation, again through drying, finally placed in muffle furnace calcination, obtain catalyst.The catalyst prepared by the method of the present application has good stability at higher dehydrogenation to isobutene reaction temperature, the range of adaptive reaction temperature is wider, has high activity while having high selectivity.

The invention discloses a modified SAPO-11 molecular sieve and a preparation method thereof, a catalyst and a preparation method thereof, and a Fischer-Tropsch wax hydroisomerization method, and belongs to the technical field of chemical engineering. The method comprises the following steps: mixing an aluminum source, a phosphorus source, a silicon source, a template agent, alcohols, water and a transition metal source to obtain initial gel; the transition metal source is selected from at least one of an iron source, a cobalt source, a nickel source, a copper source and a zinc source; crystallizing the gel to obtain a product; the first-stage crystallization temperature is 60-150 DEG C, and the time is 10-18 hours; the second-stage crystallization temperature is 130-200 DEG C, and the time is 10-18 hours; and roasting the product to obtain the modified molecular sieve. The specific transition metal is introduced into the SAPO-11, so that the acidity of the SAPO-11 is improved, and the isomerization activity is promoted; by adopting a variable-temperature crystallization process, the grain size of the crystal is reduced; the catalyst can significantly improve the isomerization product yield and selectivity of heavy wax, and shows excellent isomerization performance.

The invention discloses a Cu-Mg-Mn three-phase catalyst, the catalyst is used for ozone treatment of quinoline wastewater, the Cu-Mg-Mn three-phase catalyst is composed of metal active components including MgO, CuO, MnO2 and a carrier metal oxide, and the MgO, CuO and MnO2 are loaded on the surface of the metal oxide through coprecipitation-annealing. Compared with a single-metal catalyst, the catalyst has the advantages that not only are acidic active sites increased, but also more oxidation-reduction reactions can be generated due to the synergistic effect among metals. The catalyst is adhered to the sponge, so that the surface area of the catalyst is increased, and the catalyst is easy to recover. The catalyst is good in catalytic effect and high in stability and is a good ozone catalyst, and the cost of an ozone method in practical application can be remarkably reduced by using the catalyst.

This invention relates to the field of silica preparation technology, specifically to a high-transparency silica for silicone rubber and its preparation method. The preparation method includes the following steps: mixing a high-transparency sodium silicate solution and a reaction sulfuric acid solution using a distributed acidification technique, followed by a homogenization reaction; the homogenized material is then filtered and washed sequentially, and then mixed with a silane coupling agent and an alcohol to form a slurry; the slurry is dried and pulverized to obtain the high-transparency silica for silicone rubber. This silica has the characteristics of high pore volume, low surface hydroxyl content, and uniform particle size distribution, exhibiting high transparency in silicone rubber.

A method for preparing a solid support for a main catalyst, the main catalyst being suitable for preparing a catalyst composition for olefin polymerization, the method comprising: A. providing or preparing a compound R 4 z MgX 4 2‑z , wherein: R 4 is independently selected from linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon groups, which are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl and one or more combinations thereof; X 4 is independently selected from fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion or iodide ion; and 0 < z < 2; and B. contacting the compound R 4 z MgX 4 2‑z with a silane compound Si(OR 5 ) 4‑n (R 6 ) n to produce Mg(OR 1 ) x X 1 2‑x , wherein: R 1 , R 5 and R 6 each is independently selected from linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon groups, which are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylaryl and one or more combinations thereof; Х 1 is independently selected from fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion or iodide ion; n is 0 - 4; 0