The invention provides a preparation method of a flexible high-strength textile-based conductive composite material. According to key points of the method, a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is used as a template, a conductive monomer is added in a low-temperature acid state, then persulfate is slowly added dropwise, a conductive polymer/CNC hybrid material is generated through in-situ oxidative polymerization, a metal salt solution is added dropwise, then a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution is added, the mixture is stirred uniformly and poured into a culture dish where a textile fabric is spread, and the conductive composite material is obtained after natural air-drying. The material has both biocompatibility and the conductivity of the conductive polymer and also has self-healing performance and excellent mechanical properties and wearability of a textile matrix; and moreover, the material has excellent sensing performance and can perform human exercise monitoring, thereby having broad application prospects in the fields of strain sensors, intelligent robot sensing skin, flexible wearable electronic equipment and the like.