The invention discloses a preparation method of an efficient sodium-based solid decarburization adsorbent. Pre-treatment including washing, roasting and grinding is conducted on a gamma aluminium oxide carrier; an incipient-wetness impregnation method is adopted, wherein the carrier is impregnated in dopant impregnation liquid with the electrolyte cation concentration of 0.1-2.0 mol/L for 6-8 hours, and then the carrier is subjected to drying, roasting and grinding for standby use; a modified carrier obtained in the last step is impregnated in an isovolumetric sodium carbonate solution with the concentration of 0.8-3.8 mol/L for 6-8 hours and subjected to drying, roasting and grinding for standby use; furthermore, a modified adsorbent is impregnated in another sodium-based amino secondaryactive component solution for 6-8 hours and subjected to drying, roasting and grinding, and finally, the target adsorbent is obtained. The adsorbent is mainly applied to thermal power plant tail smokecarbon dioxide purification, and the adsorption/desorption conditions are mild; meanwhile,the adsorbent has the advantages that the preparation method is simple, raw materials are cheap and easy to obtain, large-scale production is feasible, the adsorbent is stable in structure, all components are evenly dispersed, and the decarburization performance is efficient and stable and the like.