The invention discloses a preparation method of high-strength self-healing hydrogel and belongs to the technical field of preparation of medical materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving polyvinyl alcohol, adding an acrylamide solution, by taking N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and nano titanium dioxide as a free radical initiator, firstly polymerizing acrylamide under ultraviolet light condition to form polyacrylamide network gel, then carrying out freeze-thraw cycle to form polyvinyl alcohol network gel, then carrying out oxidation crosslinking on the surface of a prefabricated hydrogel network by utilizing self-polymerization effect of dopamine, so that a polydopamine composite layer strongly adhered on the surface of a gel network is formed, and self-made nano hydroxy calcium phosphate is adsorbed, and the aim of further strengthening the hydrogel network is achieved. Meanwhile, the formed polydopamine surface layer and the adsorbed nano hydroxy calcium phosphate have good biocompatibility, and the problem that the traditional self-healing hydrogel is poor in mechanical strength and biocompatibility is effectively solved, so that the high-strength self-healing hydrogel has better application prospect.