The invention discloses a long-distance water conveyance tunnel underwater inspection robot and method. The long-distance water conveyance tunnel underwater inspection robot comprises a main body, a front distance measuring head, a rear distance measuring head, a drainage hole, a recovery bin, a driving wheel, a steering shaft, a front window, a rail, a positioning sucker, sucker supporting legs and a detection head. The front distance measuring head and the rear distance measuring head are fixed to the top of the main body, the driving wheel and the steering shaft are fixed to the two sides of the main body, the rail, the positioning sucker, the sucker supporting legs and the detection head are located on the lower portion of the main body, and the front window is located in the front ofthe main body. In the invention, structure damage target positioning and high-precision measurement can be carried out in the water conveyance tunnel, and long-distance and automatic inspection operation is realized.