The invention discloses a method for recovering tellurium from high-tellurium residues in an efficient and environment-friendly mode. The method includes the steps of breaking the high-tellurium residues, slowly adding hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide into the high-tellurium residues, controlling the temperature and continuously stirring to carry out oxidizing leaching; carrying out liquid-solid separation after the residues are completely dissolved, wherein tellurium oxide as the major element enters leaching solutions, valuable metal such as Pb and Ag enters leaching residues in the mode of chloride salt, and lead and silver residues return to a lead smelting system to recover the valuable metal; and adjusting the pH value of the tellurium-containing leaching solutions to be 5.0-6.0 through sodium hydroxide solutions, obtaining TeO2 sediments, carrying out liquid preparation after TeO2 is roasted and nitrate is removed and returning to the electrodeposition process to directly recover the tellurium. According to the method, the high-tellurium residues is directly leached to recover the tellurium through the hydrochloric acid and the hydrogen peroxide, the direct recovery rate of the tellurium can reach above 95%, so that efficient recovery of the tellurium is realized, the recovery rate of silver can reach above 99.0%, and the recovery rate of lead can reach above 97.6%. The method has the advantages that the technological processes are simple, needed equipment is reduced, the production cost is low, the environment friendliness is high and the comprehensive recovery degree is high, thereby having wide application prospects.