225 results about "X-ray scattering techniques" patented technology

The invention relates to a steel sheet having a tensile strength of 1180 MPa or more, the steel sheet excels in workability and cold brittleness resistance. The high-strength steel sheet contains 0.10% to 0.30% of C, 1.40% to 3.0% of Si, 0.5% to 3.0% of Mn, 0.1% or less of P, 0.05% or less of S, 0.005% to 0.20% of Al, 0.01% or less of N, 0.01% or less of O, as well as Fe and inevitable impurities. The steel sheet has: (i) a ferrite volume fraction of 5% to 35% and a bainitic ferrite and / or tempered martensite volume fraction of 60% or more; (ii) a MA constituent volume fraction of 6% or less (excluding 0%); and (iii) a retained austenite volume fraction of 5% or more.

In an X-ray diffraction method using the parallel beam method, an X-ray parallel beam is incident on a sample, and diffracted X-rays from the sample are reflected at a mirror and thereafter detected by an X-ray detector. The reflective surface of the mirror has a shape of an equiangular spiral that has a center located on the surface of the sample. A crystal lattice plane that causes reflection is parallel to the reflective surface at any point on the reflective surface. The X-ray detector is one-dimensional position sensitive in a plane parallel to the diffraction plane. A relative positional relationship between the mirror and the X-ray detector is determined so that reflected X-rays from different points on the reflective surface of the mirror reach different points on the X-ray detector respectively. This X-ray diffraction method is superior in angular resolution, and is small in X-ray intensity reduction, and is simple in structure.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide: a carbonaceous material for negative electrodes of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, which uses a plant-derived organic material as a starting material, and from which alkali metals such as potassium element and alkaline earth metals such as calcium element are sufficiently removed by decalcification, so that the carbonaceous material has high purity and excellent discharge capacity and efficiency; a novel production method which is capable of efficiently mass-producing the carbonaceous material; and a lithium ion secondary battery which uses the carbonaceous material. The above-mentioned purpose can be achieved by a carbonaceous material for negative electrodes of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, which is obtained by carbonizing a plant-derived organic material, and which has an atomic ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms (H / C) as determined by elemental analysis of 0.1 or less, an average particle diameter (Dv50) of 2-50 mum, an average interplanar spacing of the (002) plane as determined by a powder X-ray diffraction method of 0.365-0.400 nm, a potassium element content of 0.5% by mass or less and a calcium element content of 0.02% by mass or less.

In an X-ray diffraction method, an X-ray parallel beam is incident on a sample, and diffracted X-rays from the sample are reflected at a mirror and thereafter detected by an X-ray detector. The reflective surface of the mirror is a combination of plural flat reflective surfaces, the respective centers of which are located on an equiangular spiral having a center that is located on a surface of the sample. The X-ray detector is one-dimensional position-sensitive in a plane parallel to the diffraction plane. X-rays that have been reflected at different flat reflective surfaces reach different points on the X-ray detector respectively. A correction is performed for separately recognizing different reflected X-rays that may have been reflected at the different flat reflective surfaces, and might be mixed with each other on the same detecting region of the X-ray detector.