The invention discloses an in-situ soil body layered settlement monitoring device and method. The device comprises a circular base arranged on the top of an exploratory well and multiple settlement monitoring devices. Each settlement monitoring device comprises an anchoring mechanism, a settlement transmission mechanism and a settlement measuring mechanism, wherein the anchoring mechanism comprises a circular base and multiple steel nails, the settlement transmission mechanism comprises a measuring rope, a telescopic pipe and a protection pipe, and the settlement measuring mechanism comprisesa stand column, a pulley mechanism, a measuring scale and a balance weight. The method includes the following steps that firstly, the settlement measuring monitoring devices are installed; secondly, backfill consolidation is conducted; thirdly, the settlement measuring mechanisms are fixed and adjusted; and fourthly, layered settlement monitoring and data treatment are conducted. By means of the in-situ soil body layered settlement monitoring device and method, design is reasonable, the cost is low, time and labor are saved, installation is convenient, soil body deformation monitoring at different heights of an in-situ soil body is achieved, and practicability is high.