The invention belongs to the technical field of advanced manufacturing, and relates to an electric jet printing device capable of dredging spray head through a variable-pressure airflow. The electric jet printing device comprises four parts, namely a jet printing module, a visual detection module, an adsorption module and an air pressure dredging spray head module, the jet flow jetted based on the electrohydrodynamic effect quickly realizes micro-nano functional structure jet printing under the coupling action of factors such as electric field force and viscous force. The electronic jet printing device adopts a mode of dredging the spray head through the variable-pressure airflow, when the spray head is blocked, accumulated ink in a spray head cavity is increased, unit pressure is increased, a core device, namely a two-position four-way valve acts, and the variable-pressure airflow applies reciprocating pressure and suction force to the blocked part, so that the spray head is dredged. Compared with a traditional method for dredging the spray head through mechanical vibration and physical heating, the electronic jet printing device has the advantages that the equipment cost is low, the machining period is short, disassembly is avoided, the spray head is automatically dredged, it is guaranteed that discontinuous, continuous and stable nanoscale fine jet flow is not generated in the jet printing process, a micro-nano functional structure is optimized, the use performance of a nano device is improved, and the service life of the nano device is prolonged.