The invention discloses an activated carbon preparation method of a sludge type argillaceous biomass. The method comprises: carrying out a process of constructing and conditioning micro-explosion agent/aggregate, a process of solar sandwich drying and a process of activation two-stage pyrolysis; uniformly mixing the sludge obtained after dehydration of the sludge type argillaceous biomass, the micro-explosion agent and the aggregate in a mass ratio of 8.5:0.5:1.0-6:2:2 of a dry basis, then carrying out distribution, carrying out drying in a solar sandwich drying system, then carrying out two-stage pyrolysis in a pyrolysis furnace, controlling the temperature of the initial carbonization stage at 230 DEG C for 20 minutes, then raising the temperature to 400 DEG C at a rate of 20-40 DEG C/min, making a stop for 30-60minutes, and introducing water vapor into a water vapor activation stage at a flow rate of 0.1-1L/(min.G), wherein the pyrolysis final temperature is 550-650 DEG C, the residence time is 20-60 minutes, the EET of the formed activated carbon is 200-500m2/g, and the particle size is less than 20mm; and the micro-explosion agent is one or more of ammonium nitrate, potassium ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate, and the aggregate is a waste circuit board. The preparation method disclosed by the invention comprehensively uses solar drying, micro-explosion agent swelling pore-forming and waste resin to construct a framework, and thereby improving the solar drying efficiency of the sludge and the quality of the activated carbon.