The invention discloses an efficient composite phosphorus removal type farmland tail water treatment system, which comprises a vegetation layer, a coarse sand layer and a reinforced phosphorus removallayer which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom. The vegetation layer comprises culture soil and vegetation; the coarse sand layer is laid at the bottom of the culture soil; the reinforced phosphorus removal layer comprises a plurality of reinforced phosphorus removal geocontainers and zeolite filled among the reinforced phosphorus removal geocontainers; the reinforced phosphorus removalgeocontainers are lumps formed by mixing sandstone, zero-valent iron, zero-valent aluminum, activated carbon powder and an additive and then performing wrapping with geotextile; wherein the weight percentages of the sandstone, the zero-valent iron, the zero-valent aluminum, the activated carbon powder and the additive are 70-80%, 4-6%, 3-6%, 7-12% and 3-8% respectively; meanwhile, the preparationmethod of the farmland tail water treatment system is improved, the sandstone, zero-valent iron, zero-valent aluminum, activated carbon powder and the additive are mixed according to a certain proportion and then the mixture is coated with geotextile to prepare the reinforced phosphorus removal geocontainers, thus effectively reducing the phosphorus content, suspended matters and other pollutantsin sewage.