The invention relates to a method for preparing bamboo charcoal and polyamide composite fibers by in situ polymerization. The method comprises the following steps of: adding two polymerization monomers, a solvent, and bamboo charcoal modified nano micropowder to a stainless steel polymerization reaction kettle, carrying out an intermediate reaction, after the reaction is finished, cooling, crystallizing, centrifugally separating, washing and filtering to obtain a composite 66 salt for preparing a bamboo charcoal and polyamide composite melt; preparing the composite 66 salt into an aqueous solution, then adding to an autoclave, carrying out an intermittent or continuous melt polycondensation reaction to obtain the bamboo charcoal and polyamide composite melt, and carrying out melt spinningwith a melt spinning machine to obtain nascent filament fibers; and drying the nascent filament fibers, oiling, stretching, shaping, and winding to obtain bamboo charcoal and polyamide composite fiber filaments or cutting the fibers to obtain chopped fibers. By in situ polymerization, the bamboo charcoal nano modified micropowder is highly dispersed in a polymer matrix, thus the continuous stability of fiber preparation is improved, the fiber processing performance is excellent, and the physical and mechanical properties of the bamboo charcoal fibers are improved.