The invention relates to a gas chromatographic detection system and method for analyzing hydrogen isotopes and trace impurity components in He. The system comprises a six-way valve I (1), a ten-way valve (2), a six-way valve II (3), a four-way valve (4), an eight-way valve (5), a helium discharge ionization detector (6), a thermal conductivity detector (7), a quantitative pipe I (8), a quantitative pipe I (9), a first chromatographic separation column (10-1), a second chromatographic separation column (10-2), a chromatographic separation column (10-3) and He carrier first, second, third, fourth and fifth branches (101, 102, 103, 104 and 105). A multi-dimensional gas chromatographic detection system is integrated with a gas chromatographic path system, so that trace and percentage hydrogen isotopes and trace impurity gas components in gas of a tritium extraction process can be quickly and precisely measured on line; therefore, multiple high-standard analysis requirements can be met, and the gas chromatographic detection system is convenient to operate.