The invention relates to a casting polyurethane/diatomite composite material and a preparation method thereof. The composite material is prepared from the following raw materials: diatomite (modified by a silane coupling agent), polyurethane prepolymers and a chain extender, wherein the mass of the diatomite (modified by the silane coupling agent) accounts for 0.5-10% of that of the polyurethane prepolymer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) at room temperature, carrying out modification on the diatomite by using a silane coupling agent so as to obtain modified diatomite; and (2) weighting and preheating polyurethane prepolymers, and adding the modified diatomite obtained in the step (1) into the preheated polyurethane prepolymers, mixing and stirring, then carrying out vacuum defoamation on the obtained object so as to obtain a mixture, after the chain extender is heated and molten, adding the molten chain extender into the mixture, mixing and stirring, casting the object into a mould to carry out primary vulcanization, after the primary vulcanization is completed, carrying out demoulding on the obtained object, and finally, carrying out secondary vulcanization on the obtained object. The CPU/diatomite composite material prepared in the invention is good in mechanical properties and heat resistance; and the preparation method disclosed by the invention is simple, direct, low in energy consumption, convenient for processing and forming, and suitable for being applied to industrial production.