The present invention relates to a double-component single-piston type hydraulic free-piston engine, which comprises a single-piston hydraulic free-piston engine, an oxidizer storage tank, a fuel agent storage tank, an oxidizer control valve, a fuel agent control valve and an electronic control unit; wherein, both the outlet end of the oxidizer control valve and the outlet end of the fuel agent control valve are communicated with the air inlet of the power cavity of the single-piston hydraulic free-piston engine; the inlet end of the oxidizer control valve is connected with the outlet end of the oxidizer storage tank; the inlet end of the fuel agent control valve is connected with the outlet end of the fuel agent storage tank; and the control end of the oxidizer control valve and the control end of the fuel agent control valve are respectively connected with the corresponding output ends of the electronic control unit. The double-component single-piston type hydraulic free-piston engine, which is characterized by simple structure, reliable operation, wide application range, high energy density, high power density, little moving parts, etc., can operate under various oxygen-deficient or oxygen-free environments, such as plateaus, underwater and outer space, and can realize stroke control and regenerative braking.