33results about How to "Short reaction path" patented technology

The invention relates to Omarlliptin, in particular to a novel method for preparing Istradafylline, and relates to a preparation method of Istradafylline, in particular to a preparation method of Istradafylline. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out coupling reaction on a compound Ia and TMS acetylene to obtain an intermediate Ib; carrying out bromination reaction on the intermediate Ic under the action of NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) to obtain an intermediate Id; carrying out substitution reaction on the intermediate Id and tert-butyl carbamate under the action of potassium tert-butoxide to obtain an intermediate Ie; reacting the intermediate Ie with paraformaldehyde to obtain an intermediate If; carrying out cycloaddition reaction on the intermediate If and the intermediate Ib to obtain a key intermediate Ig; carrying out asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation reduction on the intermediate Ig to obtain an intermediate Ih; and removing a protecting group from the intermediate Ih in a hydrochloric acid and ethyl acetate system to obtain a final product. The method is short in route, simple and convenient to operate, mild in condition, high in reaction yield, environment-friendly and easy for industrial production, and dangerous and highly toxic products are prevented from being used and hazardous chemicals are supervised. # imgabs0 #

The invention provides a secondary battery electrolyte additive and a preparation method thereof. The additive is obtained by bonding oxygen atoms of four hydroxyl groups on R1-R5 groups in a compound as shown in a structural formula I with a group A and a group B through any one of the following modes: (1) bonding with two groups A; (2) bonding with two B groups; (3) bonding with one A group and one B group: # imgabs0 # wherein n is 0 or 1; r1 to R5 are independently selected from H, alkoxy of C1 to C5, hydroxyl and alkyl of C1 to C5 substituted by hydroxyl, and at least four hydroxyl are contained in R1 to R5; * represents a bonding position. The additive can form a stable, cross-linked and tough SEI film, and battery impedance is further reduced. The additive is cheap and easily available in preparation raw materials, low in cost, short in reaction route, simple in purification process, high in production efficiency and wide in application prospect in the secondary battery electrolyte.

The invention belongs to the field of biological catalysis, and particularly relates to a method for preparing oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate through double-enzyme coupling. According to the invention, through construction and optimization of a one-pot double-enzyme coupled catalytic system, a genetically engineered bacterium containing nicotinamide mononucleotide adenosine transferase NMNAT and a genetically engineered bacterium containing NAD kinase are used as a whole-cell catalyst, nicotinamide mononucleotide NMN is used as a starting substrate, adenosine triphosphate, polyphosphate and divalent metal ion salt are added, and the whole-cell enzyme is prepared through a one-pot method. The oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP < + > is efficiently and catalytically synthesized by a one-pot method, and the whole-cell catalytic reaction liquid is separated and purified to obtain the NADP < + >. The double-enzyme catalysis method disclosed by the invention is short in reaction route, high in atom economy, capable of reducing the existing production cost, short in production period, easy for downstream separation and purification, and suitable for large-scale and large-scale production of NADP < + >.

The invention provides a novel preparation method of pyroxasulfone. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of high reaction yield, high product purity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time and short reaction route. Moreover, the preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of easily available raw materials, low cost, good safety, no need of using a chlorination reagent, few generated three wastes, environmental friendliness and suitability for green large-scale production.

The invention discloses a secondary battery and an electric device, and belongs to the technical field of batteries. The secondary battery provided by the invention comprises a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece, a diaphragm and an electrolyte, the positive pole piece comprises a positive current collector and a positive active material layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive current collector, and the positive active material layer comprises a positive active material and a lithium supplement agent; according to the secondary battery provided by the invention, the lithium supplementing agent is introduced into the positive electrode active material layer, and the non-Faraday capacitance of the positive electrode plate, the particle dispersity of the lithium supplementing agent and the average grain size of the lithium supplementing agent are reasonably controlled, so that the prepared secondary battery has excellent cycle performance, rate capability and safety performance; and meanwhile, the material also has rapid charge-discharge performance.

The present invention relates to a preparation method of 9-dichloromethylene-5-amino-benzonorbornene. The reaction product of isoamyl nitrite, 6-nitro-o-aminobenzoic acid and anisole is subjected to bromination reaction and Favorskii rearrangement reaction to obtain 5-nitro-8-carboxyl-benzonorbornene, and the reaction of the 5-nitro-8-carboxyl-benzonorbornene and phosphorus pentachloride obtains 9-dichloromethylene-5-nitro-benzonorbornene, and the 9-dichloromethylene-5-nitro-benzonorbornene is subjected to hydrogenation reduction reaction to obtain the 9-dichloromethylene-5-amino-benzonorbornene. The 9-dichloromethylene-5-amino-benzonorbornene reaction route of the preparation method of the present invention is shorter, and the reaction time is shorter, so that the overall yield of the reaction is greatly increased. Moreover, the cost is reduced, the three wastes are reduced, the practical value is high, and it is suitable for industrial production.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of Rucaparib, which takes 3-amino-4-bromo-5-fluoromethyl benzoate as a raw material, and a target product is obtained through catalytic oxidation cyclization reaction, acidic hydrolysis deprotection, condensation reaction, double bond reduction, nitro reduction, halogen reduction and cyclic amidation reaction. According to the method, a heteropolyacid ionic liquid catalyst is used in the catalytic oxidation cyclization reaction step, the synthesis method is simple, high in activity, capable of being recycled and reused for multiple times and environmentally friendly; finally, double-bond reduction, nitro reduction, halogen reduction and cyclic amidation reaction are realized through one-step reaction, the efficiency is high, and the operation is simple and convenient; the method has the advantages of cheap and easily available raw materials, short reaction route, high reaction efficiency, simple and convenient process operation, easily controllable conditions, safety, environmental protection, low cost and high yield, and is beneficial to industrial large-scale use.

The application discloses a synthesis method of (+)-Dracocephalone A, (+)-Dracocequinone A and (-)-Dracocequinone B, and belongs to the technical field of drug synthesis. The method is to take 2-isopropylanisole as a starting material, and the target product is obtained through a series of reactions including Fletcher asymmetric conjugate addition, intramolecular alpha-arylation, peroxide-mediated C(sp3)-H cyclization and disulfuration-triggered oxygen bridge reorganization. The method has the advantages of simple steps, easy availability of raw materials and catalysts, low cost, high yield, environmental friendliness and facilitation of industrial production.

The invention discloses a synthetic method of 4-ethoxy-2,3-difluorophenol, belonging to the field of medicine, pesticide and liquid crystal intermediate preparation. It comprises the following steps: adding a first catalyst to 2,3-difluorophenyl ether and carrying out bromination reaction to obtain 4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl ether, adding a second catalyst to the obtained 4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl ether and carrying out amination reaction to obtain 4-amino-2,3-difluorophenyl ether, diazotizing the obtained 4-amino-2,3-difluorophenyl ether, and stirring with water to the third catalyst, adding the diazo liquid obtained by diazotization, and carrying out catalytic hydrolysis to obtain the final product 4-ethoxy-2,3-difluorophenol. The synthetic method disclosed in the present invention has easy-to-obtain raw materials, short reaction route and stable reaction conditions, and realizes the scale of synthesis of 4-ethoxy-2,3-difluorophenol.

The invention discloses a green synthesis method for preparing chiral alpha-aminoketone under illumination, which comprises the following steps: adding a nitro-aromatic compound, an alpha-hydroxy arone compound, a boron-linked reagent and a chiral phosphoric acid reagent into a solvent, and reacting for 1-24 hours under the illumination of 427-440nm. The method adopts a photocatalysis strategy, does not need to add a photocatalyst, and is mild in reaction condition, simple in operation step, green, environment-friendly, high in enantioselectivity and good in functional group tolerance. Blue LEDs are used as reaction energy, so that the method is green and environment-friendly, the energy utilization rate is high, and conversion from optical energy to chemical energy can be efficiently realized. The prepared chiral alpha-aminoketone can be widely applied to the fields of medicine, synthesis industry and the like, can effectively reduce the economic cost, and is environment-friendly.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing 1-(2-pyrazinyl)ethanol, and belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis. The method for synthesizing provided by the invention comprises the following steps: under an inert atmosphere, pyrazine and dipropionyl peroxide react under the action of a divalent iron catalyst to generate an ethylpyrazine intermediate; under an inert atmosphere, the ethylpyrazine intermediate and p-nitrobenzonitrile undergo an oxidation reaction under the action of ultraviolet light to generate 1-(2-pyrazinyl)ethanol. The invention can obtain 1-(2-pyrazinyl)ethanol by a two-step method, which is simple to operate, has a short reaction route, mild conditions, low reaction raw material cost, and a two-step total yield of 1-(2-pyrazinyl)ethanol of more than 65%.

The invention provides a method for preparing 5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile, and relates to the technical field of organic synthesis. 2-fluoroacetophenone is used as a raw material, and a "one-pot method" is adopted for synthesis. The reaction is relatively mild, the product is easy to handle and purify, the preparation method used is simple, easy to operate, and is a low-cost method suitable for batch preparation.

The invention discloses a method for preparing 3-fluoro-4-aminopyridine, wherein 4-halopyridine and ammonia water are used as raw materials to react in the presence of a copper catalyst to generate 4-aminopyridine, and then a substitution reaction is carried out with a fluorinated reagent in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline, ZnCl2 and n-butyl lithium to generate 3-fluoro-4-aminopyridine. The route has mild reaction conditions, a short reaction route, low cost, good safety, and good industrial production application prospects.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic chemical synthesis, and relates to a method for recycling a compound, in particular to a method for recycling 2, 6-dichloroacetophenone. The invention relates to a method for recycling 2, 6-dichloroacetophenone, which comprises the following steps: taking waste containing 2, 6-dichloroacetophenone as a raw material, and reacting in the presence of a catalyst and inorganic alkali to generate m-dichlorobenzene. According to the method, the dichloroacetophenone waste is used as the raw material to recover the m-dichlorobenzene serving as the dichloroacetophenone synthesis raw material, equipment required by the process is conventional equipment, other solvents are not involved in the reaction, normal-pressure reaction is adopted in the process, the reaction temperature is lower, the process path is shorter, the operation is simple, the safety is high, waste resources are recycled, and the method is suitable for industrial production. The environmental pollution is effectively reduced, and the raw material consumption of the dichloroacetophenone production process is remarkably reduced.

The invention discloses a method for preparing 7-alkoxycarbonyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-hepttrienal, comprising the following steps: (1) in the presence of a dual catalyst, (E)-3-methylpent-2-ene-4-yn-1-ol and methacrylate undergo a hydroalkenylation coupling reaction to obtain a C10 alcohol ester; the dual catalyst is composed of a copper catalyst and an acid; (2) the C10 alcohol ester undergoes an oxidation reaction in a TEMPO catalytic oxidation system, and after the reaction is completed, the 7-alkoxycarbonyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-hepttrienal is obtained by post-treatment. The preparation method has a short reaction route, a high reaction yield, and good atom economy; and the production process has no phosphorus-containing wastewater, and is environmentally friendly.

The invention discloses a method for preparing 5-methoxytryptamine by a one-pot method, which comprises the following steps: by taking 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1-oxo-beta-carboline as a raw material, neutralizing by using strong acid instead of traditional acetic acid during ring-opening reaction, and carrying out decarboxylation reaction on a ring-opening product without separating to prepare the 5-methoxytryptamine. The method can completely avoid the generation of sodium acetate in the ring-opening reaction in the traditional technology, reduces the influence on the next decarboxylation reaction, and can directly perform the decarboxylation reaction without separating the ring-opening product, thereby effectively solving the problem that the decarboxylation reaction needs to be directly performed in the prior art. According to the method for preparing the 5-methoxytryptamine by using the 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1-oxo-beta-carboline as the raw material, the defects that weak acid is left and an intermediate needs to be separated in the method are overcome, and the reaction route is shortened. The method improves the product yield and purity, has the advantages of simplicity and convenience in operation, high product purity, less three wastes and low cost, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

This invention belongs to the field of organic light-emitting materials and semiconductor technology, and provides a multi-aryl aromatic heterocyclic compound, its preparation method, and an electroluminescent device. The structural formula of the multi-aryl aromatic heterocyclic compound is: [structure omitted]. Using this multi-aryl aromatic heterocyclic compound as the guest light-emitting material, the luminous efficiency of the electroluminescent device is effectively improved, its lifespan is extended, and the purity of the emitted color is significantly improved. The light emitted by the electroluminescent device is in the green to red light range.

The invention provides an alpha-MG-based xanthone NO donor compound, a synthesis method and application, and belongs to the technical field of biological medicines.The synthesis method comprises the steps that alpha-MG serves as a starting raw material, symmetric and asymmetric modification is conducted on the C3 site or / and the C6 site of a xanthone alpha-MG structure, an NO donor is introduced, and the alpha-MG-based xanthone NO donor compound is obtained. And synthesizing the xanthone NO donor compound based on the alpha-MG. The alpha-MG-based xanthone NO donor compound is used as a sensitizing agent for resisting gram-positive bacteria or serving as a clinical drug-resistant strain MRSA. The alpha-MG-based xanthone NO donor compound disclosed by the invention has the advantages of relatively strong in-vivo and in-vitro antibacterial activity, difficulty in drug resistance and the like, can effectively remove biofilm virulence factors of gram-positive bacteria such as MRSA, is an active compound for treating staphylococcus aureus which is a main pathogen of cow mastitis, and has a broad application prospect. The synthesis method is simple, short in route, clean in process and easy for large-scale industrialization.

A method for synthesizing doxepin hydrochloride using 3-benzofuranone as a raw material belongs to the technical field of chemical synthesis. The method uses cheap 3-benzofuranone as a raw material, and prepares doxepin hydrochloride through triflate, Suzuki coupling reaction, C-O bond activation dearomatization, Mitsunobu reaction and Heck reaction. The present invention simplifies the synthesis steps, has mild reaction conditions, is simple to operate, and has a high product yield, providing a new approach for the synthesis of doxepin hydrochloride compounds. Compared with the existing method, concentrated acid, organic lithium or Grignard reagent is not required, the reaction conditions are mild, the reaction steps are simplified, and the reaction efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a preparation method of 4 '; the novel preparation process comprises the following steps: under the protection of inert gas, dissolving a chiral ligand and a metal salt in an organic solvent, stirring the mixture for 30 minutes to 1 hour at room temperature, adding a solution of a compound II into a catalyst solution, stirring for 15-30 minutes at a low temperature of-40 DEG C, adding a compound I, an activating agent and an alkali reagent, stirring for 15-30 minutes at a low temperature of-40 DEG C, and reacting for 1-2 hours to obtain a compound I; and continuously stirring at-40 DEG C to react for 6-8 hours, monitoring the proceeding of the reaction by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and separating a product after the reaction is completed to obtain a compound III. The method has the beneficial effects that the operation is simple, the reaction steps can be effectively reduced, the reaction route is short, the raw materials are easy to obtain, the reaction time is short, and the production cost and the labor cost can be effectively reduced; the product yield is high, the reaction selectivity is good, the product purity is high, the reaction product yield is high, the selectivity is good, the target product can be obtained at a high yield, and meanwhile, the post-treatment difficulty of the product is reduced.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an oxaggolil sodium oxide impurity as shown in a formula II, which comprises the following steps: by taking pivalic acid or Oxone as an oxidant, carrying out oxidation reaction on a compound EL-1 and the oxidant in a reaction solvent; and after the reaction is finished, adding an oxidation terminator to terminate the reaction, adjusting the pH value of the reaction solution to 8-10 by using an alkali solution, separating the solution, collecting an organic layer, drying the organic layer by using anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrating to dryness, adding a benign solvent to dissolve, adding a poor solvent, crystallizing and filtering to obtain the oxaggolil sodium impurity shown in the formula II. The invention discloses a preparation method of an oxaggolil sodium oxide impurity as shown in a formula III, which comprises the following step: by taking pivalic acid or Oxone as an oxidizing agent, carrying out oxidation reaction on an oxaggolil sodium oxide impurity as shown in a formula II and the oxidizing agent in a reaction solvent to obtain the oxaggolil sodium oxide impurity as shown in the formula III. The method can be used for directionally preparing the oxaggolil sodium oxide impurities II and III, the reaction route is short, the post-treatment is simple, and the yield is high.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis. The invention particularly relates to a preparation method of an edoxaban intermediate. The method comprises the following steps: by taking 2, 5-dimethyl-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydrothiazole [5, 4-c] pyridine (compound 1) as a raw material, firstly carrying out oxidation reaction with an oxidizing agent to obtain 5-methyl-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydrothiazole [5, 4-c] pyridine-2-formaldehyde (compound 2), then carrying out reaction with chlorite to obtain 5-methyl-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydrothiazole [5, 4-c] pyridine-2-formic acid (compound 3), and finally, carrying out reaction on the 5-methyl-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydrothiazole [5, 4-c] pyridine-2-formic acid (compound 3) to obtain 5-methyl-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydrothiazole [5, 4-c] pyridine-2-formic acid (compound 3). And finally salifying in an organic solution of hydrochloric acid to obtain the edoxaban intermediate (compound 4). The method has the advantages of short reaction route, cheap and easily available materials, mild reaction conditions, high atom economy, high product purity, product quality meeting subsequent requirements, and high yield. # imgabs0 #

The application provides a composite manganese-based positive electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a lithium ion battery, and the composite manganese-based positive electrode material comprises a manganese-containing positive electrode material and a coating layer coated on the surface of the manganese-containing positive electrode material, and the coating layer comprises a dioxole-containing organic matter and a 2-oxazolidone-containing organic matter. The manganese-containing positive electrode material is modified by the dioxole-containing organic matter and the 2-oxazolidone-containing organic matter, and the surface of the manganese-containing positive electrode material is physically formed into a film under the action of physical adsorption, which makes the ethylene oxide free radicals in the dioxole-containing organic matter and the 2-oxazolidone in the 2-oxazolidone-containing organic matter rapidly crosslink with each other in the charging and discharging process, so that a uniform, thin and stable CEI film with small polarization degree is formed on the surface of the positive electrode material, the dissolution of manganese is effectively inhibited, the interface resistance is reduced, and the cycle and rate performance of the positive electrode material are improved.

The application provides an alpha-cyclodextrin derivative, a preparation method, a demulsifying agent and a preparation method and application, and belongs to the technical field of fine chemical industry and oil and gas field development chemicals. The alpha-cyclodextrin derivative provided by the application comprises a main skeleton alpha-cyclodextrin and a long-chain hydrophobic structure from vinyl stearate, and the molecular formula of the alpha-cyclodextrin derivative is C 54 H 94 O 31 The application takes alpha-cyclodextrin as a skeleton, introduces a long-chain hydrophobic structure from vinyl stearate through long-chain acylation, thereby improving the lipophilic chain segment characteristics of alpha-cyclodextrin, and improving the oil phase dispersibility and interface regulation capacity of alpha-cyclodextrin to a certain extent. The provided demulsifying agent has lipophilicity and CO2 affinity, and improves the CO2 flooding effect.

This invention provides a method for preparing 1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridine dichlorosalt, belonging to the field of chemical synthesis. The method includes: dissolving 1,2-dichloroethane and an organic amine in a first solvent, and carrying out a first reaction under first reaction conditions to obtain a geminal quaternary ammonium chloride; dissolving the geminal quaternary ammonium chloride and 2,2-bipyridine in a second solvent, and carrying out a second reaction under second reaction conditions to obtain 1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridine dichlorosalt. Using a dichlorosalt with two quaternized ends, which is relatively easy to synthesize from 1,2-dichloroethane and an organic amine, as a precursor, and utilizing the high boiling point and the ability to dissociate and release carbocations at certain temperatures, this substance is reacted with 2,2-bipyridine via ion exchange as an intermediate medium to generate low-cost diquat dichlorosalt. This method has mild reaction conditions and does not introduce catalysts that are difficult to process laterally. Under optimal reaction conditions, the yield of diquat dichlorosalt is as high as 95%.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and particularly relates to an addition product of alkyl free radicals and a capture reagent as well as an addition method and application of the addition product. Dissolving secondary alkyl ethylbenzene A, a capture reagent B, an acridinium salt photocatalyst and an additive into an organic solvent, and carrying out an illumination reaction to obtain an addition product of the alkyl free radical and the capture reagent; wherein the structural general formula of the secondary alkyl ethylbenzene A is # imgabs0 # formula I; the capture reagent B is selected from at least one of # imgabs1 # imgabs2 # TsCN; the structural formula of the addition product of the alkyl free radical and the capture reagent comprises at least one of # imgabs3 #. The invention provides a method for oxidizing secondary alkyl ethylbenzene through single electron transfer to induce the secondary alkyl ethylbenzene to generate carbon-carbon bond breakage and react with a capture reagent to generate a product. Reactants and raw materials are easy to obtain, the reaction process is safe and controllable, the operation is simple, and the production cost is low. And the addition product has high functional group property and is more diversified in application.

This invention discloses a method for preparing 6-bromo-6,6-difluoro-1-hexanol, belonging to the field of organic synthesis. The method uses 4-penten-1-ol as a starting material, reacting it with dibromodifluoromethane via an addition reaction to prepare 4,6-dibromo-6,6-difluoro-1-hexanol; then, a dehalogenation reaction is carried out using a second metal reagent to obtain 6-bromo-6,6-difluoro-1-hexanol. In this method, the reactants and reagents are inexpensive and readily available, the reaction steps are short, and production control is convenient; the reaction conditions are mild, ensuring high safety; the process is simple, and the product has high purity.

The invention relates to the technical field of biological medicines, and particularly discloses 4-butoxybenzene propenone as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The structural formula of the 4-butoxybenzene acrylic ketone provided by the invention is shown as a formula I: imgabs0 #. The invention also provides a preparation method and application of the 4-butoxybenzene acrylic ketone. The 4-butoxyallylbenzene ketone provided by the invention can be used as an impurity standard substance for qualitative and quantitative analysis of impurities of dyclonine hydrochloride bulk drugs and related preparation drugs, and realizes quality control of dyclonine hydrochloride and related preparation drugs.

The application discloses a boron-nitrogen doped polycyclic aromatic compound and a synthesis method thereof, and relates to the technical field of organic synthesis. The application takes o-bromonitrobenzene as raw material, and first carries out a Bartoli reaction with vinyl magnesium bromide to synthesize 7-bromoindole; then carries out twice coupling reactions under the action of a metal catalyst to form a dimer of indole; carries out a reaction of the dimer of indole with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate to obtain a single Boc dimer of indole; carries out a borohydration reaction on the single Boc dimer of indole to obtain a boron-containing intermediate; and finally carries out a reaction with a Grignard reagent to obtain the boron-nitrogen doped polycyclic aromatic compound. The synthesis method has the characteristics of a relatively short reaction path, simple operation method and mild reaction conditions. Meanwhile, the compound synthesized by the application is sensitive to fluoride ions and has a high fluorescence quantum yield, and can be applied to the fields of fluoride ion sensors and organic photoelectric materials, and has a wide application prospect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of drug synthesis, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a ticagrelor intermediate, which comprises the following five steps: S1, preparing an intermediate II; s2, preparing an intermediate III; s3, preparing an intermediate IV; s4, preparing an intermediate V; and S5, preparing an intermediate VI. Compared with a multi-step and complex synthesis process in the prior art, the method has the advantages that the route of the ticagrelor key intermediate V is greatly shortened, the synthesis process of the intermediate V is simplified, the production efficiency and the yield are remarkably improved, the production period is shortened, the raw material consumption and the generation of byproducts are reduced, and the requirements of industrial production are met.