The invention belongs to the technical field of rapid laser repair, and particularly relates to a rapid laser repair method and a device for a defect of an aluminum alloy guide blade. The device is characterized by comprising an industrial control computer, a robot control cabinet, an optical fiber laser, a powder feeding device, a robot body, a camera, a laser ranging sensor, a laser light path unit, a coaxial powder feeding nozzle, a workbench and an argon gas cylinder, wherein the industrial control computer is connected with the camera and the laser ranging sensor through cables and is connected with the robot control cabinet through an Ethernet cable, the robot control cabinet is connected with a robot body through a cable, is connected with an I/O (input/output) port of the optical fiber laser through an I/O port and is connected with the powder feeding device through a cable, and the optical fiber laser is connected with the laser light path unit through a conductive optical fiber. The device has high efficiency and good reliability, and the quality of repaired parts is stable.