34results about How to "Solve control problems" patented technology

The invention discloses a mobile robot double-point positioning control strategy based on a depth camera, and belongs to the field of automatic control. The method comprises the following steps: marking two color blocks on a charging pile, calculating coordinates of mass centers of the two color blocks in a camera coordinate system and a vector composed of the two mass centers, calculating an angle between a chassis and the vector by using a vector dot product formula and an arc cosine function, and adjusting the pose of the chassis by taking the angle as a control variable. And then a local coordinate system and a global coordinate system of the vehicle are established according to the adjusted poses, the local pose and the global pose of the chassis are solved in combination with data of a motor encoder, and then the target speed of the chassis is solved. And finally, solving the rotating speed of each wheel according to the dynamic inverse model of the mobile chassis so as to drive the vehicle to move towards the target charging pile. The invention provides a mobile robot double-point positioning control strategy based on a depth camera. The vehicle can be accurately moved to the position of a charging pile, and therefore the automatic charging function of the vehicle is achieved.

The invention discloses a power transmission line construction equipment parallel control method and device based on Bi-LSTM and DDPG algorithms, and the method comprises the steps: optimizing the weight of a time sequence attention mechanism based on a differential evolution algorithm of a stage mutation strategy, and constructing a Bi-LSTM network model through a feature attention mechanism and the optimized time sequence attention mechanism; inputting the construction equipment state data into the Bi-LSTM network model to obtain a construction equipment state prediction result; and improving a DDPG algorithm based on priority post experience playback, constructing a decision control model by using the improved DDPG algorithm, and inputting a construction equipment state prediction result into the decision control model to obtain an optimal control strategy of the power transmission line construction equipment. According to the method, more accurate construction equipment state prediction is provided through the improved Bi-LSTM network model, and the decision control model constructed by using the improved DDPG algorithm makes a more optimized control strategy by using a state prediction result in combination with deep learning and a strategy gradient method, so that the solution of an optimal decision is realized.

The invention discloses an upgrading method and device for a micro-control unit of a vehicle and electronic equipment, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining effective region identification information in response to a control program upgrading instruction; the partition, matched with the effective area identification information, in the first partition and the second partition is determined as a to-be-operated area, and the other partition is determined as a to-be-upgraded area; controlling the control program stored in the to-be-run area to start running; updating a control program stored in the to-be-upgraded area according to control program updating information corresponding to the control program upgrading instruction to obtain a target control program; and under the condition that the target control program runs normally, switching to run the target control program, and updating the effective area identification information. The control program of the to-be-run area is run based on the effective area identification information, the control program of the to-be-upgraded area is upgraded at the same time, and the control program of the latest version is switched to run after upgrading succeeds, so that the problem of how to enable the MCU to control other components in the upgrading process is solved.

The utility model discloses an electrolytic bath pneumatic chute dust collector which comprises a dust collection main machine, the bottom of the dust collection main machine is fixedly connected with a moving assembly, the two sides of the dust collection main machine are fixedly connected with fixing shafts, the outer sides of the fixing shafts are movably connected with moving handrails, and the front face of the dust collection main machine is fixedly connected with a control mechanism. The top of the dust collection main machine is fixedly connected with a connecting flange, the top of the connecting flange is fixedly connected with a telescopic hose, one end of the telescopic hose is fixedly connected with an operation assembly, the back of the dust collection main machine is fixedly connected with a dismounting plate, and an exhaust hole is formed in the position, away from the lower portion of the dismounting plate, of the back of the dust collection main machine. The top of each mounting plate is fixedly connected with a negative pressure generator, a main cyclone dust collector and an auxiliary cyclone dust collector, the device is simple in structure and convenient to mount, materials such as aluminum oxide in an electrolytic workshop can be efficiently recycled, the dust control problem is solved, and secondary pollution caused by dust disturbance is avoided.

A multi-stage adsorption synergistic dust control system for silicon carbide laser processing includes a suction hood, a vibrating grid module, a porous laminar flow adsorption module, a boiling water mist module, a condensation pipe, a mixing condensation module, a drying module, and a fan, arranged sequentially and connected along the airflow direction. The vibrating grid module includes an alloy grid and a vibration device. The porous laminar flow adsorption module includes an adsorption layer disposed in the airflow channel. The boiling water mist module includes an adsorption chamber and a water mist generator to form boiling water mist to capture dust in the airflow. The condensation pipe performs preliminary condensation of the airflow to capture dust. The mixing condensation module includes an inclined condensation channel that utilizes dust in the airflow as condensation nuclei to remove dust. The inner wall of the condensation channel is alternately arranged with superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic regions. This invention can achieve stepwise dust removal from the micron to the nanometer scale, with a capture efficiency of up to 99.9%, low overall energy consumption, and recyclable materials.

The invention discloses a vehicle automatic air conditioner comfort calibration method, a storage medium and electronic equipment, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining evaporator-external temperature compensation tables corresponding to a plurality of external temperatures under a reference environment condition, and based on the evaporator-external temperature compensation table, static target parameter tables corresponding to the reference air conditioner set values under the multiple external temperatures are established, dynamic compensation is conducted on the static target parameter tables, at least one compensation scale set corresponding to the influence factor set is generated, and the air conditioner system is precisely adjusted in different environments and modes. Static target models are established in a plurality of temperature areas, and a dynamic compensation mechanism is introduced, so that the control problem caused by lack of an air outlet temperature sensor of an existing automatic air conditioner is solved, the influence of temperature disturbance of an evaporator, a warm air core and the outside can be effectively counteracted, the temperature of a system can be quickly close to the target temperature in the refrigerating and heating processes, and the system reliability is improved. The comfort of the head area and the whole cabin is improved, the adjusting frequency of a driver is reduced, and the driving concentration degree is improved.

The utility model relates to an automobile audio player system, which belongs to the technical field of vehicle-mounted automobile players and comprises a third-party player, a Bluetooth module and an automobile host navigation system, the third-party player is connected with the automobile host navigation system through the Bluetooth module, and the third-party player is connected with the automobile host navigation system through the Bluetooth module. And the automobile host navigation system is communicated with the microphone so as to receive audio data of the microphone. The system perfectly solves the connection and control of the original vehicle host and the external third-party high-definition player through the Bluetooth device, realizes the bidirectional control and stable transmission of audio streaming media signals by both parties, and maintains low-power consumption and low-cost control while ensuring high-quality music transmission. The third-party player does not need to be externally connected with a control panel and a direction controller, all functions of direction control can be achieved, a new way for connection and control of an original vehicle host and the externally-connected third-party player in the automobile sound equipment refitting industry is opened up, and perfect fusion of the original vehicle host and the player is achieved.

This invention discloses a radio counter-jamming method and apparatus for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) security defense, relating to the field of radio counter-jamming. The method includes: constructing a UAV communication frequency band database and an interference source feature database; collecting spectrum data in the airspace to establish an airspace electromagnetic signal dataset; constructing an electromagnetic signal feature extraction model to obtain the time-domain features, frequency-hopping features, and modulation mode features of the electromagnetic signals; constructing an interference source identification model to eliminate electromagnetic signals from interference sources in the airspace electromagnetic signal dataset; constructing a UAV frequency band identification probability model to determine the probability that a frequency band in the airspace electromagnetic signal data belongs to the UAV communication frequency band; suppressing UAV communication signals using a radio counter-jamming device; comprehensively evaluating the radio counter-jamming effect and updating the database synchronously. The advantages of this invention are: it can effectively identify UAV frequency bands and eliminate interfering electromagnetic signals, and use a radio counter-jamming device to suppress UAV communication signals, ensuring the safety of the airspace.

The invention discloses a gear adjusting method and device of a phase-controlled arc suppression coil, belongs to the technical field of power grid control, and particularly provides a gear adjusting method of an arc suppression coil in a mode of taking three-phase voltage as a reference. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring UA phase-locked output through three-phase voltage phase locking without depending on zero-cross detection at two ends of an arc suppression coil, sampling a cycle wave U0 according to a UA phase-locked output cycle, simultaneously acquiring an initial phase of the UA corresponding to the cycle wave, acquiring the initial phase of the U0 corresponding to the cycle wave through DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), then acquiring a phase difference between the UA and the U0, and changing a conduction angle position which is originally found through U0 zero-cross detection into a conduction angle position which is not found through U0 zero-cross detection. The position of a conduction angle is found on UA phase-locked output, and gear adjustment can be reliably carried out when harmonic current is large and zero-sequence voltage waveform distortion is serious.

The present application discloses a device control method, device, storage medium and electronic device, which relates to the field of smart home / intelligent home technology. The device control method includes: obtaining a first gas in the operating environment of the device to be controlled; based on the first gas, determining a first content of a gas element in a blacklist in the operating environment; and when the first content is greater than or equal to a preset threshold, controlling the device to be controlled to perform a cleaning operation on the first gas. The present application solves the technical problem of low timeliness of device control in the related art.

The application relates to an automatic driving multitask coordination decision-making method based on hierarchical rolling optimization. The automatic driving vehicle environment state information is used as the input of a reinforcement learning decision-making framework, the driving target is planned as the connection of multiple driving tasks, the coordination among the multiple tasks is realized, each driving task is specifically realized as a control action, and only the control action of the first driving task is executed. Then, rolling forward to the next time step, based on the updated automatic driving vehicle environment state information, planning and control action execution are carried out again. The planning is repeatedly carried out, and rolling optimization decision-making is realized. The method can realize multitask coordination and is suitable for long-term decision-making of automatic driving in a complex driving scene.

The application provides a rotor floating control method, device, storage medium and magnetic suspension bearing system. The method comprises the following steps: controlling rotor floating of the magnetic suspension bearing based on a determined center floating reference position; if the rotor floating fails, controlling rotor floating of the magnetic suspension bearing according to a first set floating direction based on the center floating reference position; wherein the first set floating direction is a set direction offset relative to the center floating reference position when the rotor floating. The scheme provided by the application can solve the problem that the current loop and displacement loop errors affect bearing control due to product structure, process and magnetic steel demagnetization.

The invention discloses a polarization control method in a continuous variable quantum key distribution system, and belongs to the technical field of quantum communication of optical fiber channels. In order to solve the problem that the polarization state of an optical fiber drifts in an external field complex environment, a Bayesian parameter estimation method in deep learning is effectively integrated in an extended Kalman filter algorithm, Gaussian distribution is determined as prior distribution, and a polarization controller cascaded by four degrees of freedom has the best control effect on the polarization state of a target. A polarization state measured by a polarization analyzer is used as a feedback signal, and meanwhile, the algorithm is quickly operated on FPGA hardware, so that real-time tracking and control of the polarization state of the optical field in the optical fiber are realized. By means of the method, the problem that the polarization state of the light field drifts rapidly under the external field extreme environment can be effectively solved, and compared with an existing genetic algorithm, a simulated annealing algorithm and a particle swarm algorithm, the number of iterations is greatly reduced, and the program running speed is higher.

A liquid level display monitor belongs to the field of electronic products. The water level and water consumption of the water container can be controlled in a full-function mode. The product comprises a water level sensor, a control circuit and a load installation circuit. The water level sensor is mainly composed of an external structure C and an internal structure D. A pressure transmission piece 8 in the internal structure D can generate a variable force when the water level in the water container changes, the transmission rod 7 moves backwards when the force is larger than the elastic force of the spring 6, and the transmission rod 7 moves forwards when the force is smaller than the elastic force of the spring 6. And the movement of the transmission rod 7 enables the movable sheet 5 at the other end of the transmission rod 7 to slide forwards or backwards on the fixed sheet 1. Resistance powder or multiple nodes are coated on the fixed piece 1, the movable piece 5 slides on the fixed piece 1 to generate variable electric signals, the variable electric signals can transmit water level change information to a control circuit, and therefore the main functions of water level display, water level upper and lower limit setting and water level automatic and manual control are achieved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of material feeding, and discloses a feeding structure for a cold mixer, which comprises a main body, the left side of the main body is provided with a feeding stirring mechanism, the feeding stirring mechanism comprises a bearing plate, a connecting block, a first motor and a threaded rod, and the right side of the bearing plate is fixedly connected with the left side of the main body. According to the feeding structure for the cold mixer, through the use of a connecting block and a first motor structure, the effect that an output shaft of a first motor is connected with a threaded rod to move in an internal thread of the connecting block can be achieved, through the use of the threaded rod and a threaded block, the threaded block can ascend and descend on the outer surface of the threaded rod, and meanwhile stirring blades are driven to ascend and descend synchronously; according to the material stirring device, the effect of uniformly stirring materials in the feeding pipe up and down is achieved, the problem that the stirring position is not changed during feeding is solved, the effect of stirring the materials more fully is achieved, scraping of residual materials on the inner wall is facilitated, and the feeding efficiency in practice is improved.

The invention discloses a hydrogen element standard sample in zirconium and zirconium alloy and a preparation method and application thereof. Advanced processes such as magnetic confinement glow plasma hydrogen permeation and high-temperature argon protection homogenization treatment are adopted, and the problems of control and nonuniformity of hydrogen elements in zirconium and zirconium alloy are successfully solved; homogeneity inspection is carried out by adopting a variance method, and the result shows that the hydrogen element standard sample has good homogeneity; according to eight domestic qualified laboratories, different principles and reliable analysis methods are adopted for cooperative valuing, and valuing results are accurate and reliable. A comparison result shows that the main technical indexes of the hydrogen element standard sample reach the advanced level of domestic similar standard samples.

A method and apparatus for determining the clearance value of a wind turbine generator set are disclosed. The method includes: obtaining the current distance measurement value of the wind turbine generator set, wherein the current distance measurement value is the distance between the emission point of the measurement line emitted by the distance measuring device installed at the bottom of the nacelle and a predetermined point on the vertically downward blade, and the predetermined point is the first intersection point of the measurement line and the vertically downward blade; and determining the clearance value corresponding to the current distance measurement value based on the current distance measurement value and the correspondence between the distance measurement value and the clearance value.

The present invention discloses a model-free robust control method and system for pantographs with external disturbances; dynamic data of the pantograph operation process of a train is collected; a train pantograph data model with external disturbances is established; external disturbances are estimated; pseudo partial derivative information in the train pantograph data model is optimized and updated; a model-free robust control scheme for train pantographs with external disturbances is designed; error control gain and disturbance compensation control gain in the control scheme are optimized and updated; a control input signal is calculated using the model-free robust control scheme to control the train pantograph until the control task is completed; the control method and system provided by the present invention are not only applicable to train pantographs with external disturbances, solve disturbance compensation problems, reduce modeling difficulty, and reduce computing resource consumption, but also have the prospect of being extended to other single-input and single-output systems.

The present invention provides a compatible device and corresponding method for dynamic blood glucose monitoring. It relates to the field of dynamic blood glucose monitoring, and solves the problem that the prior art cannot take into account the advantages of two ADCs with different architectures at the same time. The device includes: a digital controller, which receives the configuration information of the host computer, a continuous blood glucose sensor, which periodically collects the glucose concentration data of the subcutaneous interstitial fluid, a multiplexer, which selects an analog-to-digital converter for signal conversion according to the configuration information; an analog-to-digital converter that receives blood glucose detection data, which is used to convert the blood glucose detection data into a digital signal, a first-in first-out register, which performs read and write control of blood glucose detection data, a working mode control module, which is used to convert the sleep state or the working state; a timer, which performs periodic timing. The present invention can be compatible with low latency and high precision.

The application relates to the technical field of laser three-dimensional scanning, and discloses a method image data and laser information synchronous matching method and a three-dimensional scanning device, which solves the demand that a general SoC cannot match high-precision real-time processing, high-frequency signal generation and low-delay feedback of a laser module by adopting a combination of an independently-operated SoC control unit and a CPLD control unit, and further confirms execution of laser switching through the CPLD control unit, continuously outputs a laser type code after switching, and simultaneously sends a signal, that is, a laser synchronization code to trigger a hard interrupt, so that image acquisition and laser type code acquisition are synchronized, and finally, image information and laser type information are integrated and associated in the SoC, thereby realizing acquisition of image data associated with the laser type code based on the independently-operated SoC control unit and the CPLD control unit.

The application relates to a bus differential protection jump access circuit, which comprises a control power supply, a protection power supply, a remote / local conversion switch, a remote / local auxiliary relay, a closing coil, a bus tie breaker and a local closing auxiliary relay, wherein one end of a normally closed contact point of the remote / local conversion switch is connected with a positive pole PG of the control power supply, the other end of the normally closed contact point of the remote / local conversion switch is connected with a negative pole NG of the control power supply after being connected with a coil of the remote / local auxiliary relay in series, the other end of three groups of normally closed auxiliary contact points of the bus tie breaker connected in series is connected with an incoming terminal of a bus differential protection circuit, and a connecting terminal on the other side of the bus differential protection circuit is connected with a negative pole connecting end-KM of the protection power supply. The application solves the problem that the bus differential protection bus tie jump is controlled by the remote / local conversion switch, effectively solves the problem that the bus differential protection misissues an abnormal signal alarm, and provides favorable conditions for safe and reliable operation of a power supply system.

The invention relates to the field of air-tight doors, and discloses a side-hung air-tight door which comprises a door frame body, a door body, a locking assembly and a driving assembly. The locking assembly comprises a locking part and a matching part, and the locking end of the locking part is inserted into the matching part to achieve locking of the door frame body and the door body. The driving assembly comprises a first motor, a hand wheel, a first transmission rod, a second transmission rod and a connecting sub-assembly, a fixing part of the first motor is fixedly mounted on the door body, the power output end of the first motor is in transmission connection with the first transmission rod, and the mounting end of the hand wheel is fixedly mounted on the second transmission rod; the first transmission rod and the second transmission rod are in detachable transmission connection through the connecting sub-assembly, and the first transmission rod is driven by the first motor or the second transmission rod to drive the locking end of the locking part to be inserted into the matching part. The air-tight door can quickly start manual operation under the condition of power failure, so that the problem that opening and closing of a flat-opening type air-tight door in the prior art depend on external power supply control is solved.

The invention relates to a data homology-based manned spacecraft on-orbit state control model and method, and provides a data homology-based flight state control method for long-term on-orbit operation of a complex large manned spacecraft. The method is mainly used for solving the contradiction between the complex and dynamically changing manned spacecraft on-orbit state and the refined and real-time state management and control requirement, providing a manned spacecraft on-orbit state informatization management and control model architecture, and optimizing the manned spacecraft on-orbit operation management and control efficiency.

The utility model relates to the technical field of switch controllers, in particular to an underwater multi-gear switch controller, which comprises a shell, a circuit board assembly and a rotating assembly, and is characterized in that the shell comprises an upper shell and a lower shell which are buckled with each other; the circuit board assembly is arranged in the shell and is subjected to plastic package, a plurality of driving circuits are arranged on the circuit board assembly, and a reed switch is arranged on each driving circuit; the rotating assembly comprises a rotating knob and a rotating disc, the rotating knob is rotationally connected to the upper shell, the rotating disc extends into the shell, the rotating knob is fixedly connected with the rotating disc, a driving magnet is arranged on the rotating disc, and after the rotating knob rotates, the driving magnet shell moves to the corresponding reed switch. Plastic packaging and water prevention can be performed on the circuit board assembly, and multi-gear switching of the switch is realized through non-contact control of the driving magnet. Therefore, the underwater sealing and control problems are solved, the structure is small and exquisite, and operation and control are flexible.

The present invention discloses a method and system for controlling an air handling unit under unknown wet load conditions, and relates to the technical field of air handling unit control. The steps include: determining the influencing parameters of the indoor environment according to the working process of the air handling unit; modeling the air handling unit according to the thermodynamic law and the law of physics in combination with the influencing parameters of the indoor environment to obtain an air handling unit model; introducing a gain coefficient to the air handling unit model to process related unknown parameters; and designing a controller according to the processed air handling unit model; and using the controller to control the air handling unit to regulate the indoor temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. The present invention dynamically analyzes the characteristics of the air handling unit, establishes a suitable physical model, designs a controller, and finally realizes the control of indoor temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration, thereby solving the problem of air handling unit control under uncertain indoor wet load conditions.

The utility model discloses a micro-fluidic chip, which belongs to the technical field of medical instruments and comprises an upper cover and a separation container, the upper cover is mounted on the separation container, a sealing layer is arranged at the top of the separation container, the bottom of the upper cover is abutted against the sealing layer, an inner cavity is defined by the upper cover and the sealing layer, a separation chip group is mounted in the inner cavity, and the separation chip group is mounted on the separation container. The top of the separation chip set abuts against the top of the upper cover, the bottom of the separation chip set abuts against the sealing layer, the separation chip set comprises multiple layers of separation chips, and the separation chips are used for separating blood cells in blood from PRP-enriched plasma. The problem that the position of a boundary layer is difficult to judge and control due to the fact that the thickness of the boundary layer of the plasma and red blood cells after blood centrifugal layering is small is solved, and the platelet-rich plasma which is stable in PRP enrichment multiple, large in amount of collected PRP and small in red blood cell residue is finally prepared.

The present invention provides a road rainwater runoff pollution control and purification system, which is used to solve the technical problem that the existing technology cannot control the road rainwater runoff amount and runoff water quality. A road rainwater runoff pollution control and purification system includes a drainage well; a diversion box, the diversion box is arranged in the drainage well to receive rainwater flowing into the drainage well; an oil-separating and sand-separating well, the diversion box transports rainwater to the oil-separating and sand-separating well through a drainage pipe for oil-separating and sand-separating treatment; a filtering and purification device to filter the rainwater in the oil-separating and sand-separating well. Compared with the existing technology, this scheme is that the rainwater runoff from the motor vehicle or non-motor vehicle lane flows into the diversion box, and then is led to the facilities of the motor vehicle and non-motor vehicle isolation belt or tree belt through the drainage pipe for purification treatment, which plays a role in controlling the road rainwater runoff amount and runoff water quality.

The utility model relates to the field of street lamps, and discloses a split mounting type street lamp module which comprises a heat dissipation outer shell, a sealing cover plate and an LED module, the heat dissipation outer shell comprises a bottom plate, battens and a top plate, a wire passing hole is machined in the middle of the bottom plate, the battens are symmetrically arranged on the bottom plate along the wire passing hole, and the top plate is connected to the ends, away from the bottom plate, of the battens. The length of the batten close to the wire passing hole is larger than the length of the batten away from the wire passing hole, a hook strip is machined at the top end of the batten close to the wire passing hole, grooves matched with the hook strip are machined in the two ends of the sealing cover plate, the LED module is connected to the bottom of the heat dissipation shell and comprises a lamp panel and a lens wrapping the lamp panel, and a circle of annular groove is machined in the lens on the outer side of the lamp panel. And a waterproof wire is mounted in the groove. According to the street lamp, the radiator is combined with the lamp shell, the radiating effect of the street lamp is remarkably improved, the service life of the street lamp can be effectively prolonged, in addition, the radiator serves as the shell, production materials of the street lamp can be reduced, and production cost is effectively reduced.

The application discloses a kind of closed cooling water full-automatic ammonia adding device and method, device includes: PLC controller and liquid ammonia steel bottle, liquid ammonia steel bottle is communicated with closed cooling water pipeline by liquid ammonia steel bottle pipeline;Liquid ammonia steel bottle pipeline is sequentially provided with ammonia gas pressure reducing valve inlet pressure gauge, ammonia gas pressure regulating valve, ammonia gas pressure reducing valve outlet pressure gauge, ammonia gas electric regulating valve;Closed cooling water pipeline is provided with electric conductivity sensor;PLC controller is connected ammonia gas pressure reducing valve, ammonia gas pressure reducing valve inlet pressure gauge, ammonia gas pressure reducing valve outlet pressure gauge, ammonia gas electric regulating valve, electric conductivity sensor.The application is dynamically regulated by changing ammonia gas electric valve opening degree, ammonia amount is added, and the ammonia of closed cooling water is automatically regulated.

The invention relates to the technical field of steel part fatigue fracture failure technology and metallurgy, in particular to a method for avoiding fatigue failure caused by oxide inclusion in steel. The method for avoiding the fatigue failure caused by the oxide inclusion in the steel comprises the following steps: S1, obtaining the radius row of the maximum oxide inclusion in the detected steel; s2, calculating the safety thickness rsulfide of a sulfide shell layer correspondingly attached to the maximum oxide inclusion radius row according to the maximum oxide inclusion radius row in the step S1; and S3, the corresponding cooling rate RC of the casting blank in the solidification process is calculated according to the rsulfide obtained in the S2. Fatigue failure caused by oxide inclusion in steel is avoided by regulating and controlling the cooling rate parameter of the continuous casting process, and corresponding experimental evidence and theoretical basis are provided for material selection, design and reasonable inclusion size control for prolonging the service life of engineering materials.