418 results about "Temperature load" patented technology

Present invention suppresses undesirable effects of the bubbles trapped in a silica glass crucible on single crystallization during the pulling process under a high-temperature load. When raw material powder is melted in a mold 1, graphite components of electrodes and impurities contained in the raw material are removed by introducing hydrogen gas and / or oxygen gas immediately after the start of arc discharge. Graphite and impurities are prevented from entering the product crucible, thereby suppressing the volume increase rate of the bubbles and reducing the inner pressure of the bubbles. Gases remaining in voids of an accumulated layer of silica powder formed inside the mold 1 can be replaced with helium gas, by supplying helium gas to the accumulated layer from the mold 1.

A system and method for remotely measuring the temperature of an object using microwave radiometry that may be used in hostile environments. A single pole-single throw reflective PIN diode switch is operable in a PASS mode and a BLOCK mode. In the PASS mode, the switch passes the power received from the object to a low-noise block converter (“LNB”) for amplification. In the BLOCK mode, the switch blocks the object power and reflects the load noise power of an ambient temperature load to the LNB. A detector diode detects the amplified power output during both the BLOCK and PASS mode and the AC signal from the detector is converted to an output signal proportional to the difference in the noise powers detected in the PASS and BLOCK modes. A servo loop uses the output signal to generate a feedback signal to a noise injection diode that causes the diode to inject sufficient power into the LNB to automatically maintain a balance between noise power measured in the PASS mode and the combined noise powers measured in the BLOCK mode. The output signal is then used to compute the temperature of the object.

The invention relates to a method for simulating a random temperature field of a steel box beam of a bridge construction. According to the method, a change characteristic of an actual temperature and a statistical characteristic of a temperature value of the steel box beam of the bridge construction are fully taken into account, and a numerical method is used for realizing the simulation for the random temperature field of the steel box beam of the bridge construction, thereby providing an effective method for acquiring the random temperature field of the steel box beam. The problem that a temperature load data is seriously insufficient during an analysis process for a temperature effect of the steel box beam is efficiently solved. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, performing statistic analysis and acquiring a probability density function of temperature and temperature difference according to a finite actual measured temperature data of the steel box beam; utilizing extreme value analysis to acquire a temperature range and a temperature difference range in a simulating time span; dividing the temperature range and the temperature difference range into a plurality of sub-ranges, utilizing an inverse transformation sampling method to generate a sample for each sub-range, and acquiring a random temperature sample in the simulating time span; and lastly, rearranging simulating samples on the basis of a daily variation law and a seasonal variation law of the temperature of the steel box beam, thereby acquiring a temperature schedule in the simulating time span.

The invention discloses an in-situ stress-temperature loading device for a neutron diffraction technology. A frame in the device is designed into a door frame type structure, a hollow-shaft servomotor is utilized for driving multiple stages of gears with the same specification and the size to rotate via a speed reducer, and the horizontal motion operation of a test sample can be further realized through a guide component and a clamp. By controlling the forward rotation (reverse rotation) of the hollow-shaft servomotor, bidirectional synchronous drawing (compression) of the test sample is realized; and by controlling the rotational speed of the hollow-shaft servomotor, the speed regulation of drawing (compression) of the test sample is realized. A cavity type high-temperature furnace with the design based on a resistance heat radiation structure is matched with the frame to use, a temperature control instrument is used for controlling the temperature in a body cavity of the high-temperature furnace, fan-shaped through holes are respectively formed in the neutron incidence direction and the scattering direction, and quartz glass is further used for sealing. The in-situ stress-temperature loading device for the neutron diffraction technology, disclosed by the invention, can be used on a variety of neutron scattering (diffraction) spectrometers for realizing the neutron scattering (diffraction) in-situ stress-temperature loading testing technology.

The invention relates to a thermal mechanical fatigue test system and method for performing hollow turbine blade superposed high-cycle vibration. The test system comprises a high / low-cycle load loading subsystem, a temperature load loading subsystem, a cooling subsystem and a load coordination control subsystem, wherein the high / low-cycle load loading subsystem is used for independently applying high / low-cycle loads to turbine blades which are stably clamped by a special fixture; the temperature load loading subsystem is used for heating assessment sections of the turbine blades; the cooling subsystem comprises a water cooling part and an air cooling part; the water cooling part is used for cooling in a test process; the air cooling part is used for coordinating a temperature cycle in the test and simulating cooling conditions inside the blades; and the load coordination control subsystem is used for controlling each system to operate in a coordinated manner. According to the test system disclosed by the invention, the stress field, temperature field and vibration conditions in the assessment section service process of the turbine blades and the cooling conditions inside the blades can be simulated, the thermal mechanical fatigue test for superposed high-cycle vibration of the turbine blades is performed, and a guarantee is provided for safe and reliable operations of aircraft engines.

The invention relates to a system for testing temperature-varying micro-nanometer indentations with vacuum protection characteristics and a method for testing the indentations, and belongs to the field of an optical mechanical and electrical integration precision science instrument. The system comprises a vacuum chamber system, a Z-shaft direction macro-adjusting mechanism, a Z-shaft long-stroke precision pressing-in drive unit, a Z-shaft short-stroke precision pressing-in drive unit, a pressing-in displacement signal detection unit, a pressing-in loading force signal detection unit, a temperature loading and detecting unit and an X-Y precision locating platform. The system is characterized that a high-temperature heating module and an indentation loading module are reasonably integrated so that the micro-nanometer indentations are tested at a temperature field; because vacuum environment is provided, the testing results cannot be affected by an oxidized specimen surface in a heating process; two driving methods such as motor drive and piezoelectric drive are adopted, so that the loading precision of the short-stroke indentation is ensured in test, and the requirement for largely loading the stroke indentations of a special material is also met. Thus the system and the method have the wide development prospect and application value in fields such as material science, aerospace and defense military industry.

The invention relates to a power station indirect dry cooling system, and provides a system and a method for structural analysis of an indirect dry cooling tower based on APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language). The method comprises the following steps of: 1) according to geometric outside dimension of the indirect cooling tower, defining geometric parameters of the indirect cooling tower, and establishing a parameterized geometric model of the indirect cooling tower; 2) defining the unit type, real constants and material constants of the indirect cooling tower; 3) defining unit meshing size, performing self-adapting meshing division, and establishing a finite element model of the indirect cooling tower; 4) respectively applying parameterized loading for the indirect cooling tower under five loading working conditions (dead load, live load, wind load, temperature load and earthquake load) and performing computational analysis; and 5) performing combination of loading working conditions, and extracting computed results. Through the application of the system, the full process control of the indirect cooling tower from modeling to calculation can be realized. Meanwhile, the indirect cooling tower can be optimally designed by adjusting the value of each parameter. A large amount of repeated work is avoided, and the efficiency of structural analysis and design can be greatly improved.

An automated industrial system is provided that includes a sensor system configured to monitor multiple parameters. The automated industrial system also includes a controller. The controller is configured to determine if any of the multiple parameters has surpassed a respective constraint threshold of multiple constraint thresholds. If any of the parameters has surpassed a respective constraint threshold, the controller is configured to classify a parameter of the multiple parameters which has surpassed the respective constraint threshold by the highest degree as the most constrained parameter. The controller is also configured to calculate a minimum temperature load path based on the most constrained parameter, with the minimum temperature load path configured to transition the automated industrial system from a base load to a part load via a minimum temperature load path.

The invention discloses a non-contact high-temperature thermophysical property parameter measurement device and a non-contact high-temperature thermophysical property parameter measurement method. The non-contact high-temperature thermophysical property parameter measurement device consists of an electric heating system, a laser generation system, a load system, a strain measurement system and a data acquisition and analysis system. Laser serves as an instant energy source, and the measurement time is shortened; a laser comparator is used for measuring deformation of a material in a high-temperature environment; a non-contact laser comparator is used for measuring a deformation value of the measured material sample under high temperature; therefore, the deformation error caused by thermal expansion can be avoided; the laser comparator can precisely measure a precise displacement or strain of the sample under a condition of high-temperature loading through fine scales, so that the reliability of a measurement result is improved, and the measurement process is simplified and is easy to control. A thermocouple is used for measuring the temperature in a low-temperature stage, and a far infrared temperature measurer is used for measuring the temperature in a high-temperature stage, so that equipment can realize measurement of the thermophysical property of the material within the range from room temperature to 2,000 DEG C. The verification shows that the equipment has the advantages that the running process is easy to control, the measurement time is short, the accuracy is high, and the like.

Provided is a multilayer ceramic capacitor having a capacitor body formed by alternately laminating a dielectric layer and an internal electrode layer, and an external electrode formed on both ends of the capacitor body. The dielectric layer has at least two type of barium titanate crystal grains that differ from one another in at least one selected from Ca composition concentration, Sr composition concentration, and Zr composition concentration, and a grain boundary phase. If this multilayer ceramic capacitor employs, as a dielectric layer, a dielectric ceramic that contains barium titanate crystal grains in which part of Ba is substituted by Ca, Sr, or Zr, it is capable of suppressing the grain growth of crystal grains, and improving relative dielectric constant, temperature characteristic, and high-temperature load test characteristic, for example, in high-volume manufacturing using a tunnel type large kiln.

A temperature regulation plate 106 is divided into at least two areas, a heater 408 for applying a temperature load in correspondence with such areas and its control system are divided and controlled independently to set temperatures, and a cooling source is controlled by comparing the measurements from temperature sensors 409 arranged in respective areas for controlling the heater 408 and switching the measurement for calculating the control output sequentially thus reducing variation in in-plane temperature of a wafer due to heating when an electric load is applied. Since consumption and burning of a probe are prevented, highly reliable wafer level burn-in method and apparatus can be provided.

The invention provides a structure safety evaluation method under the action of environmental loads of a space steel structure. The structure safety evaluation method under the action of the environmental loads of the space steel structure comprises the steps that S1, environmental load partitioning is conducted on the structure on the basis of existing monitoring data; S2, a method for determining values of non-uniform distributed loads on structure partitions is determined; S3, a structural stress monitoring data evaluation threshold is set; S4, simulation analysis of structural stress field distribution under the action of the actual environmental loads is conducted through operation of finite element software and combination between the existing structure partitions and partition load values; S5, stress response data of the structure are extracted to be evaluated. According to the structure safety evaluation method under the action of the environmental loads of the space steel structure, good simulation of non-uniform distribution of actual temperature loads and actual wind loads of the space steel structure is achieved through utilization of existing temperature measured data and wind speed and pressure monitoring data of a health monitoring system, and therefore identification of a whole stress field under the action of the environmental loads of the structure is achieved; meanwhile, due to the fact that stress of rod pieces at measuring points and rod pieces which are not arranged at the measuring points is evaluated, the problems which can be caused in the process that whole stress safety of the structure is evaluated only through the finite stress measuring points are solved.

A signal processor receives signaling containing information about flow rates from sensorless converters in zone circulators in heating / cooling zones controlled by temperature sensors in a hydronic heating system in order to derive an adaptive pressure set point to meet the flow rates requested by the heating / cooling zones using an adaptive system and flow control curve equation, the signaling containing information about total flow rates requested by the zone circulators; determines desired pump speeds for the zone circulators to meet temperature requirements in heat zones; provides corresponding signaling containing information about the desired pump speeds; and / or determines the adaptive pump control curve equation based upon an adaptive system curve and as a moving maximum system flow rate depending on an adaptive pressure set point, a system flow rate requested by temperature loads, a minimum pressure at no flow, a control curve setting parameter, and an adaptive moving maximum flow and pressure.

The invention provides a functional spraying and combustion visualization measuring constant volume bomb. The constant volume bomb includes a bomb body and 6 windows provided on the bomb body. The axes of all windows intersect at the center of the constant volume bomb so as to form a measurement region. The windows can be provided with adaptive covers having different functions. The constant volume bomb is designed to have multiple sealing, such that the constant volume bomb can withstand extreme pressure and temperature loads, and the large range of warm pressing can be adjusted. The constant volume bomb is designed to have adaptors which ensure the constant volume bomb can use various types of sensors. The bomb body is provided with a plurality of air inlet guide holes thereon, which can ensure stabilization of air inlet pressure and keep the measurement region unaffected, and also keep quartz windows from being polluted by oil mist and combustion products, thus achieving on-going measurement. According to the invention, the constant volume bomb can provide flexible light path arrangement for one or a group of multiple measurement technologies of shadow / schlieren, laser induced flourescense, particle imaging velocity measurement and spectrum temperature measurement, etc. The constant volume bomb has tight structure, can research spray atomization, evaporation, air blending, gas mixture distribution, combustion and process product characteristics, etc, has a wide range of measurement parameters, and has universality.

The invention belongs to the field of studies on stability of rock and earth masses under a multi-field coupling effect, and particularly relates to a thermo-hydro-mechanical multi-physical field coupling simulation experiment system suitable for the rock and earth masses and a use method thereof. The thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling simulation experiment system mainly comprises a monitoring mainframe, a triaxial pressure test mainframe, a heat pump control circulating system, a GDS pressure-volume controller group and a data collector; by carrying out gradual in-depth studies on influence of a mechanical unloading process on the mechanical properties and the hydraulic properties of the rock and earth masses and the influence of temperature loads on the damage evolution law, the permeability and the thermal conductivity of the rock and earth masses on the surrounding of a chamber, and the interaction and mutual influence conditions between of a stress field and a seepage field (HM), between the stress field and a temperature field (TM) and between the seepage field and the temperature field (TH) are disclosed.

The invention provides a method for establishing a temperature field model of a steel box beam bridge road system under high-temperature asphalt concrete paving. The model comprises a paving layer (1), a steel bridge panel (2), U-shaped ribs (4) and diaphragm plates (5). An interface thermal resistor (3) is arranged between the paving layer (1) and the steel bridge panel (2) and is used for reflecting a barrier effect of an adhesive layer in an adhesive layer-paving composite structure on temperature transfer. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring the optimal interface thermal resistance by using a test-numerical simulation mixed parameter analysis method and combining a numerical optimization technology; establishing an actual bridge numerical model, setting a movable temperature load (6) to simulate the paving construction process, and calculating and analyzing the temperature field distribution condition of the steel box beam bridge road system. The method mainly depends on finite element modeling, a thermal insulation effect of the adhesive layer can be well reflected, and the paving construction process can be really simulated. Compared with field measurement, the method is simple and feasible, different working conditions can be simulated, and the temperature field distribution condition of the steel box beam bridge road system can be accurately reflected.

The invention discloses a magnetic-structural coupling simulation method for a quartz flexible accelerometer based on finite elements, which comprises the following steps: 1,selecting finite element units; 2, building a material model library, which comprises the actions of defining a unit system and inputting the material attribute of each component of the accelerometer; 3, establishing a geometrical model of the accelerometer, which comprises structure simplification and ellipsis, concatenation simplification, geometrical model establishment and attribute assignment; 4, establishing a finite element model of the accelerometer; 5, exerting constraints and loads which comprise magnetic field constraints, structural constraints, constant temperature loads, current density loads and acceleration loads; and 6, carrying out transient magnetic structure coupling simulation on the accelerometer. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that both the material nonlinear variation of each component of the accelerometer and the magnetic-structural coupling function are taken into consideration, therefore, on one hand, the optimal design can be performed on the structure of the accelerometer; and on the other hand, the variation model of performance parameters can be established based on the simulation results, and the design cycle and design cost of the quartz flexible accelerometer can be reduced.

A system and method for remotely measuring the temperature of an object using microwave radiometry that may be used in hostile environments. A single pole-single throw reflective PIN diode switch is operable in a PASS mode and a BLOCK mode. In the PASS mode, the switch passes the power received from the object to a low-noise block converter (“LNB”) for amplification. In the BLOCK mode, the switch blocks the object power and reflects the load noise power of an ambient temperature load to the LNB. A detector diode detects the amplified power output during both the BLOCK and PASS mode and the AC signal from the detector is converted to an output signal proportional to the difference in the noise powers detected in the PASS and BLOCK modes. A servo loop uses the output signal to generate a feedback signal to a noise injection diode that causes the diode to inject sufficient power into the LNB to automatically maintain a balance between noise power measured in the PASS mode and the combined noise powers measured in the BLOCK mode. The output signal is then used to compute the temperature of the object.

The invention discloses a multi-energy flexible control system and method for urban and rural residents based on demand side response. During application, after receiving the control command issued by the grid end through the special electrical network, the primary station of demand side response performs the full-view positioning for load shedding of power grid in the whole district and control path setting according to the electricity information of residents and load priority of users, and quickly and precisely locates the scope of residents joining the load control, control degree of adjustable load and control time of alternative operation of controllable load. On a basis of guaranteeing the normal operation of load closely related to the lives of residents, the whole cross-regional automatic demand side response flexible regulation control is realized through remotely adjusting the parameters of adjustable temperature load, etc. and controlling the operation time of controllable load. Meanwhile, the energy node characteristics and coordination relationship of residential electricity equipment, distributed power source and stored energy are comprehensively considered to dynamically adjust the input and output amount of network source, distributed power source and stored energy, so as to match the demand side response requirements and electricity requirements, and improve the use ratio of distributed power source to the greatest extent from the view of supply side.

The dielectric ceramic has a composition represented by general formula 100(Ba1-x-ySrxCay)m(Ti1-zZrz)O3+aBaO+bR2O3+cMgO+dMnO+eCuO+fV2O5+gXuOv (where R is a rare-earth element such as La, Ce or Pr; and XuOv is an oxide group including at least Si); and 0≦x≦0.05, 0≦y≦0.08 (preferably 0.02≦y≦0.08), 0≦z≦0.05, 0.990≦m, 100.2≦(100 m+a)≦102, 0.05≦b≦0.5, 0.05≦c≦2, 0.05≦d≦1.3, 0.1≦e≦1.0, 0.02≦f≦0.15, and 0.2≦g≦2. With this composition, a monolithic ceramic capacitor retaining good dielectric characteristics and temperature characteristics even if a high field strength voltage is applied by further thinning the dielectric layers thereof and having excellent reliability achieving good isolating property, dielectric strength, and high-temperature load life is obtained.

The invention discloses a fatigue stress spectrum analysis method and system of a longitudinally connected ballastless track on a bridge for improving the simulation accuracy of the fatigue stress spectrum of the longitudinally connected ballastless track on the bridge during service and providing important support for the fatigue design of the longitudinally connected ballastless track on the bridge. The method comprises the following steps: independently establishing a longitudinally connected ballastless track-bridge temperature field calculation model, a high speed train-longitudinally connected ballastless track-bridge three-dimensional finite element coupling dynamics model and a longitudinally connected ballastless track-bridge-bridge abutment longitudinal interaction model; utilizing the models to research the stress time travel curve and the fatigue stress spectrum of the longitudinally connected ballastless track on the bridge during the service under the composite actions of loads including a train vertical load, a train longitudinal load, a ballastless track concrete temperature load, a ballastless track concrete temperature gradient load, a ballastless track concrete contraction load, a ballastless track prestress load and the like. The mechanical model of the invention is finer, and a load model is more perfect.

The invention discloses a high temperature-distributed load thermal strength test device for a plane structure of a high-speed missile aerobat, which comprises a plane high-temperature heating unit, a high-speed missile plane test piece, a thermostability insulation thin layer, a temperature thermocouple, a computer, a water sac loader, flexible heat insulation materials, a steel stressing plate, a hydraulic pressure actuator, a loading link rod, a ceramic frame and a force transducer, a thermal environment with a temperature above 1,000 DEG C is generated by the plane high-temperature heating unit, and a flexible heat separation is carried out between the water sac loader which can generate distributed load and a heat source. According to the thermal strength test device, uniform high-temperature distributed load is implemented to the plane structure of the high-speed missile in the thermal environment with a temperature above 1,000 DEG C, and a high temperature load test method closer to the actual stressing state is provided for a safe design of the high-speed missile structure. The device has important application values on military engineering.

The present invention provides a laminated ceramic capacitor having good temperature characteristics, and suitable for attaining miniaturization, large capacitance and low production cost besides having high reliability in the high temperature load test, wherein a plurality of inner electrodes are formed in a ceramic sintered body comprising a reduction resistant dielectric ceramic in which grains having a core-shell structure and grains having a homogeneous structure are mixed together, and wherein outer electrodes are formed on the outer surfaces of the ceramic sintered body, the area ratio between the total area of the grains having the core-shell structure and the total area of the grains having the homogeneous structure being adjusted within a the range of about 2:8 to 4:6 when a cross section is observed along an arbitrary direction of the ceramic sintered body.

The invention provides an advanced heat-resisting deformation magnesium alloy comprising the following components by weight: Al of 6.0%-9.0%, Ca of 0.5%-3.0%, Sr of 0.05%-0.5%, Mn of 0.1%-0.8%, Mg and ineluctable foreign matters of the rest.The cost of the alloy which does not contain rare-earth elements is low. The formability range of the alloy is extended because the added elements can thin the alloy tissue substantially; and the distribution of heat-resisting phases is turned from bulky bocks or bones to fine and scattered state, which improves the formability of the alloy. The alloy which has a good plastic property and forming ability and has a large deformation temperature range is suitable for common processes of extrusion pressing, drawing, rolling and smithing and can bear bigger deflection and higher deformation velocity at one time. The alloy that can be used as the light high-strength heat-resistant structural metallic material will be widely used for high-temperature transportation piping and high-temperature load-carrying construction of aerospace, automobiles, track trains and the like.

The invention provides a dielectric ceramic and its manufacturing method as well as multilayer ceramic capacitor. Wherein, the dielectric ceramic of the invention comprises (Ba, Ca) (Ti, X) O3 as the main component (wherein X is an element of valence greater than that of Ti) and per 100 mol of the main component, 0.1 to 4.0 mol of each of 1st to 3rd addition components. The 1st addition component is a given rare earth element, the 2nd addition component has a given element whose valence is smaller than that of Ti, and the 3rd addition component has a sintering auxiliary containing Si. In >=90% of the main component particles (1), the sum of the solid-solution ratios exhibiting the states of solid solution of individual addition components (2) in the main component particles (1) is <= 10% in terms of sectional area ratio. The molar ratio of Ca loaded is in the range of 0 to 0.20 (preferably 0.02 to 0.20), and the molar ratio (y) of element X loaded in B-site is in the range of 0.0001 to 0.005. As a result, even when the thickness of the dielectric layer is reduced to about 1 to 3 micrometers, a high specific inductive capacity can be exhibited, and excellent insulation and high-temperature load life can be attained without detriment to the temperature characteristic of electrostatic capacity.

The invention discloses a simulation experiment set for thickened oil thermal recovery storage layer fractures, and belongs to the field of thickened oil thermal recovery development. The simulation experiment set provides an experiment basis for the theoretical study on thickened oil thermal recovery development schemes and engineering design optimization. The simulation experiment set comprises experiment rock samples, a vacuum tri-axial stress loading device, a temperature loading controlling device and a sound launching monitoring device. The experiment rock samples are cuboid and comprise an actual oil deposit coring and cement mortar wrapper. The experiment rock samples reflect the rock mechanical property of actual oil deposition more truly. The temperature loading controlling device carries out local heating through heating pipes and transmits the heat to the experiment rock samples through a heat-transfer medium, the actual high-temperature thermal process is simulated, and a temperature collecting and controlling instrument collects and controls the temperature of the experiment rock samples. The simulation experiment set simulates the combined stress state of the thickened oil thermal recovery process under the different temperature and crustal stress conditions, and actual and effective evaluations on the fractures of thickened oil thermal recovery storage layers can be made.

The invention discloses a long-span bridge damage recognition method based on temperature stain, and the method comprises the steps: 1), obtaining temperature strain epsilon T caused by a temperature load according to bridge strain epsilon m and temperature T collected by a bridge health monitoring system through employing the technology of EEMD (Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition); 2), recognizing the damage of the bridge through the temperature strain epsilon T. The method builds the relation between the temperature (input) and the temperature strain (output), can obtain the structural rigidity, and can build a damage index for judging the damage of a structure. Through the building of the relation between the temperature (input) and the temperature strain (output), the method eliminates the environment factor interference, recognizes the damage position more precisely, is suitable for all bridges, and is especially suitable for the long-time monitoring of a long-span bridge.

The invention relates to a basic roll gap making method for a wide and thick slab casting machine. The method includes the steps that casting working condition parameters of the casting machine are collected, a solidification and heat transfer three-dimensional finite element model of slabs is established, and a three-dimensional temperature field in the casting process is worked out according to the casting working condition parameters of the casting machine; and a three-dimensional thermal contraction finite element model of the slabs is established and solved with the three-dimensional temperature field in the casting process as a temperature load, a three-dimensional thermal contraction law is obtained, and basic roll gaps of the casting machine under corresponding working conditions are made according to the three-dimensional thermal contraction law and the initial thickness of the slabs. According to the method, the actually-measured flow density in a secondary cooling region serves as the boundary condition, and the computing accuracy of the solidification heat transfer and the thermal contraction law is guaranteed; and according to the feature that heterogeneity exists in solidification heat transfer and thermal contraction in different thickness directions, all fan-shaped-segment basic roll gaps are obtained further through the initial thickness of casting blanks, and the thermal contraction conditions of the casting blanks in different positions and at different casting moments can be computed more accurately.

A dielectric ceramic (and capacitor containing it) balancing high temperature load characteristics and temperature characteristics of capacitance even when layer thickness is less than 1 μmhas a mixture of different crystal grains containing a barium titanate compound as the main constituent. The first crystal grains can contain rare earth element solid solution region lat the surface layer section. The second crystal grains have a core-shell structure including a shell section having a rare earth element solid solution present. The first and second crystal grains are 12% to 84% f and 16% to 88%, respectively, of the total number of crystal grains.