The invention relates to the technical field of phosphoric acid preparation, and discloses a method for preparing phosphoric acid and by-producing a fertilizer by using a nitrophosphate fertilizer freezing process, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: S1, decomposing phosphorite or phosphate concentrate by using an acidolysis solution; s2, freezing and crystallizing the solution decomposed in the step S1, filtering at low temperature after freezing and crystallizing, filtering to remove solid calcium nitrate crystals for preparing the calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer, and obtaining a first solution; s3, adding an iron source into the first solution in the S2, stirring, filtering after the reaction is completed, and removing generated iron phosphate to obtain a second solution; and S4, dissolving and extracting iron phosphate to obtain a high-purity phosphoric acid solution. According to the method, the phosphate concentrate is subjected to acidolysis through the acidolysis solution, then decalcification and denitration are conducted through a freezing method, then decalcification is conducted through sulfuric acid or sulfate, then denitration is conducted to prepare high-purity phosphoric acid, and due to reduction of solution phosphate radicals and increase of the calcium ion content, mineral components of filtrate are increased, and absorption by crops is facilitated.