The invention belongs to the field of preparation of inorganic materials, and particularly relates to a microwave homogeneous hydrothermal synthesis method of magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite. The method comprises the following steps: weighing soluble magnesium nitrate, aluminum nitrate and urea according to a certain ratio, and dissolving in deionized water; subpackaging the solution in a microwave digestion tank, sealing, putting in a microwave digestion instrument, and performing microwave heating at a set temperature for a set time to quickly finish synthesis; and pouring out all solids and liquids in the microwave tank, washing with deionized water and anhydrous ethanol, performing vacuum drying, grinding, and storing. By adopting microwave radiation heating, the method provided by the invention has the characteristics of energy saving and high efficiency, can realize temperature and pressure on-line control, and has the advantages of high reproducibility and operational safety; meanwhile, the method does not need pH regulation, and is simple to operate; and the product is high in particle size uniformity. In general, the microwave homogeneous hydrothermal synthesis method established by the invention has the characteristic of being simple, quick and efficient to operate, and is a laboratory method for quickly synthesizing magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite of a uniform particle size.