The invention discloses a sludge anaerobic-digestion method based on combined pretreatment of thermal hydrolysis and chemical tempering. The sludge anaerobic-digestion method comprises the following steps: (1) adding water into sludge to dilute or concentrate, adding an alkaline substance, stirring, adjusting pH value to be alkaline and then standing; (2) carrying out thermal hydrolysis reaction on the sludge obtained in the step (1), adding a first acid substance after hydrothermal reaction, stirring, adjusting the pH value to be neutral, then adding a second acid substance, stirring, adjusting the pH value to be acid, finally adding the alkaline substance, stirring and adjusting the pH value to be neutral; and (3) carrying out anaerobic-digestion treatment on the sludge obtained in the step (2). The sludge anaerobic-digestion method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the gas producing rate of anaerobic digestion of the sludge can be obviously increased, the gas producing amount and the produced-methane content of anaerobic digestion of the sludge are increased, sludge stabilization and the system stability condition are good, the energy consumption is low, the economic applicability is strong, the application bottleneck of anaerobic digestion of the sludge is broken through, and the sludge anaerobic-digestion method can better realize harmless, recycling and reducing treatment for the sludge when being used for treating municipal sludge.