The invention relates to a novel transmission grinding clamp device which is a set of processing clamping transmission device used for processing rotation surfaces such as excircles, inner circles and end surfaces of various small slender shaft parts in a choke and pump machining industry by common cylindrical grinding machines, internal grinding machines and surface grinding machines. The transmission grinding clamp device comprises a big bottom plate, an adjustable bottom plate, a clamp body, an adjusting wheel bracket, an adjusting wheel shaft, a belt pulley, synchronizing wheels, a synchronous belt, roller shafts, a positioning pin, a lock screw, a T-shaped lock block, a pinch roller bracket, a pinch roller, a pinch roller shaft, a pinch roller arm, a spring, a backing column, a column, a backing arm and a positioning stop pin; the lower part of the big bottom plate is mounted at a working table of the cylindrical grinding machine; an arc T-shaped groove and a positioning pin hole are formed in the upper part of the big bottom plate; the T-shaped lock block is mounted in the arc T-shaped groove; the positioning pin is mounted in the positioning pin hole; the adjusting bottom plate is mounted at the upper part of the big bottom plate, and connected with the T-shaped lock block and the big bottom plate through the positioning pin and the lock screw.