The invention relates to a distributed optical fiber sensing system, and in particular relates to a distributed optical fiber sensing device based on ASE noise coherent detection and a method. According to the invention, the problems of unavailable spatial resolution and sensing distance combination, low spatial resolution, complex light source structure, time-consuming implementation process, and high implementation cost of the existing distributed optical fiber sensing system are solved. The distributed optical fiber sensing device based on ASE noise coherent detection comprises an ASE noise source, a tunable optical filter, a 1*2 optical fiber coupler, a first optical amplifier, an optical scrambler, an optical circulator, a sensing optical fiber, a second optical amplifier, a variable optical delay line, a third optical amplifier, a 2*2 optical fiber coupler, a dual balance photodetector, a data acquisition card and a computer. The device and the method, which are provided by the invention, are applicable to the field of distributed optical fiber sensing.