The invention discloses a method for producing an alkaline fertilizer from insoluble potassium-containing rock by a kiln process, belonging to the technical field of chemical production. The method comprises the following steps: mixing phosphate rock tailings or low-grade phosphate rock with the insoluble potassium-containing rock according to the weight ratio of 1:(0.4-0.9), further adding anthracite accounting for 3-8% of the total mixed weight, drying, grinding and further preparing a material block; and then placing into a kiln, roasting at the temperature of 1000-1200 DEG C for 30-150 minutes to prepare sintered clinker, finally performing water quenching, reducing the temperature of the sintered clinker to 400-700 DEG C, and draining, drying, crushing and grinding the sintered clinker after water quenching to prepare the alkaline fertilizer. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the roasting temperature is only 1000-1200 DEG C, the energy consumption is low, and the process is simple; and phosphogypsum is not used, SO2 gas causing serious pollution of air is not contained in tail gas, and the special treatment of the tail gas is not required.