Monolithic
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based spatial light modulators (SLM) are provided. Generally, the SLM includes a common
electrode in or on a substrate, an electrostatically displaceable
actuator including an
actuator electrode suspended above an upper surface on the substrate, a
first light reflective surface supported by and separated from the upper surface on the substrate by the
actuator, and a driver monolithically integrated in the substrate below the SLM. The actuator includes a structural layer of tensile,
amorphous silicon-
germanium that also serves as an actuator
electrode. The driver includes multiple
layers of vias,
metal interconnects, and complementary
metal-
oxide-
semiconductor (
CMOS) devices to electrically couple to the common electrode and actuator, and is operable to displace the actuator and
first light reflective surface in response to voltages applied thereto.