The invention discloses a novel photocatalysis filter tank device and a water treatment system. The filter tank device consists of a device outer wall, an ultraviolet lamp tube, a tower tray support column, a filter material and a filter material tower tray, wherein a transparent glass bead carrier is taken as the filter material, and waste water is treated by a nanometer TiO2 film with the capability of effectively degrading organic pollutants through photo-catalytic oxidation under the irradiation of ultraviolet light.. The water treatment system mainly comprises a filter bed, an illumination system, a water distribution system and a backflow system. The novel photocatalysis filter tank device organically combines the conventional biomembrane filtering tank with the advanced photocatalysis treatment process, is ingenious in design and compact in layout, allows a light source to be uniformly distributed in the filter material, has a good hydraulic power condition, can fully utilize light energy, does not need aeration, does not generate sludge and secondary pollution, is convenient to operate and simple to maintain, is high in water-quality purification efficiency and sterilization capability, and is mainly applied to the fields of reclaimed water reuse, deep sludge (waste) water treatment and the like.