203results about How to "High efficiency load" patented technology

The invention discloses a mobile edge computing task unloading method in a single-user scene, and relates to the field of treatment of a mobile computing system. The invention aims to reduce the reaction time delay and energy consumption of mobile equipment. construction of single-user scene task unloading model comprises construction of a system overall model and construction of each partial model, wherein the construction of each partial model comprises: a task queue model, a local computing model, a cloud computing model and a computing task loading model; a task unloading strategy: givinga task unloading scheme targeting at minimizing the system overall load K; executing all tasks on local CPU or an MEC server based on binary particle swarm optimization; correspondingly and locally executing a load optimal scheduling strategy, and executing a load optimal scheduling strategy by the MEC server based on pipeline scheduling. Through verification, the task unloading method in a sing-user scene provided by the invention reduces the reaction time delay and energy consumption of the mobile equipment.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a medical metal surface slow-released growth factor coating. The method comprises the steps of firstly, using graphene oxide as the growth factor carrier, wrapping growth factors in composite nano granules formed by polycations and polyanions, reacting the nano granules containing the growth factors with the carboxylated graphene oxide so as to form amido bonds, thereby fixing the nano granules on the graphene oxide; and enabling the graphene oxide carrying the growth factors to form the coating on a biologic medical metal surface which is subjected to dopamine treatment by using an extraction method. By utilizing the preparation method, higher growth factor carrying quantity is realized, and meanwhile, the activity of the factors is protected, and the slow-releasing of the factors is realized.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a multiwall carbon nanotube-supported titanium dioxide catalyst, which belongs to the field of photochemical catalyst materials. The method comprises the following steps: adding multiwall carbon nanotubes and titanium sulfate into methanol respectively, and dispersing by ultrasonic waves and magnetic stirring; performing a solvothermal reaction, namely preparing a nano composite material by a solvothermal process to obtain the multiwall carbon nanotube-supported titanium dioxide catalyst; repeatedly washing the multiwall carbon nanotube-supported titanium dioxide catalyst, and drying under vacuum to obtain supported catalyst solid powder; dispersing the solid powder by ultrasonic waves and magnetic stirring, and preparing TiO2 / MWCNT by a hydrothermal process; and repeatedly washing the obtained TiO2 / MWCNT to obtain the multiwall carbon nanotube-supported titanium dioxide catalyst. In the TiO2 / CNT prepared by the method, the TiO2 is selectively and uniformly loaded on the surface of CNT. The method combining the solvothermal and hydrothermal processes has the advantages of simplicity, high maneuverability and the like.

The invention discloses a network flow load balancing control method based on reinforcement learning, which comprises the following steps of: 1) selecting an action ai with a maximal return value from an action set of the next hop according to the state quantity s and the strategy pi of a current data packet when the data packet is in a routing node R*; 2) modifying the state quantity s of the data packet according to actual conditions of the data packet after the current data packet is routed, and updating the action set of the next hop of the current data packet; 3) modifying the rewards and punishment values r of the current data packet according to balancing states of the current network flow; and 4) updating the strategy pi according to the rewards and punishment values; and repeating the step 1) to the step 4) when the current data packet reaches a final destination address. According to the method, optimal or approximately optimal control on load balancing of the network flow is realized by unceasing interactive learning of an intelligent agent and the network environment.

The invention discloses a magnetic resonance imaging nanometer drug carrier, and a nanometer drug loading system and a preparation method thereof. The magnetic resonance imaging nanometer drug carrieris a triblock polymer nanoparticle, wherein the triblock polymer is PLGA-PEI-PEG, and has active groups on the surface, and the active groups comprise amino, hydroxyl and carboxyl. According to the present invention, the drug carrier can efficiently load a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging drug and an antitumor drug to make the antitumor drug specifically reach the tumor lesion site, such that the nuclear magnetic resonance positioning of the superparamagnetic ferroferric oxide nanoparticle at the tumor region can be achieved while the high-selectivity and low-toxicity treatment effect can be achieved, and the disadvantages of poor selectivity, strong toxic-side effect, easy drug-resistance generation and the like of the traditional cytotoxic drugs can be overcome; and the preparation method is simple and is easy to perform, the prepared triblock polymer nanoparticle can be stably stored in the aqueous solution so as to be easily stored, and various functional groups exist on the surface of the particle, such that the prepared triblock polymer nanoparticle can be easily subjected to surface modification or surface functionalization.

The invention relates to the field of cluster storage and provides a failure detection method suitable to a large-scale storage cluster. According to the failure detection method, a failure detection module is arranged in a storage cluster system, a failure detection fault model used in the method is a failure / recovery model, and a transmission mechanism of failure node information used in the method is a spreading model permanently immune to infectious disease. By use of the method, the failure detection time is enabled to be unrelated to the scale of the storage cluster, the expansibility is excellent, and a stable low load is guaranteed under the condition that the large-scale storage cluster changes constantly.

The invention discloses a load small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoscale lipid microbubble ultrasonic contrast agent and a preparation method. The load siRNA lipid microbubble is formed by preparing DPPC (Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline), DSPE (1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) and DPPA (Diphenyl Phosphoryl Azide) into microbubbles (containing octafluoropropane) according to the weight part ratio of 18:1:1 and then assembling together with PEG-PLL (Polyethylene Glycol-Polylysne)-coated siRNA nanomicelle. The load siRNA nanoscale lipid is nanosclae, has an obvious ultrasonic contrast effect, and can generate obvious siRNA cell transfection efficiency under low-frequency ultrasonic irradiation, thereby further hopefully having important research values and application prospects in the fields of ultrasonic diagnosis and gene treatment.

The invention discloses a spark platform based space data parallel calculating system and method. The system is used for parallel calculation of mobile conversation data, and comprises an index and storage layer, a query and operation layer and an API layer; the index and storage layer is configured to read a space data set to be processed from a spark cluster and stores the space data set, space data stored in the space data set is the mobile conversation data, and a space index is established for the space data set to be processed; the query and operation layer is configured to receive a space operation request of the API layer, makes responses to the space operation request, realizes space operation of the concentrated mobile conversation data in the space data set to be processed, and back feeds a result after space operation to the API layer; and the API layer receives the input space operation request through a space operation interface, transmits the input space operation request to the query and operation layer, and receives and outputs the result after space operation of the query and operation layer.

The invention relates to a public safety documents and information managing system, which covers the whole process from logging in to data exchanging with the background data hardware server, and relates to an initializing module, a status analyzing module, a safety module, a data verifying module, a transmitting module, a printing module, a data analyzing module and a system port module. By using the initializing module, the status analyzing module, the safety module, the transmitting module, the system port module and the verifying module and the system initializes, the system passes the identification certification, selects a tree file and document list in the system, carries out adding, deleting, editing and printing operations, and prints and outputs the results through a Star6400 printer. In the invention a system architecture is developed on the base of integrating flexibility, safety, manageability, operability and expandability, and an effective and reasonable solution is provided for establishment of public safety documents and information managing systems and for realizing effective system architecture. The invention is characterized by stable running status and good system load.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a biomass microbial carrier. The method comprises the following steps: smashing a biomass to obtain particles of 50 to 200 mesh; adding a polyethylene raw material according to the proportion of 10 to 90 percent; mixing the raw materials to be uniform; weighing 2 to 20 g of the mixture for a single piece; putting the weighed mixture into a mold; pressing for 1 to 15 minutes under 5 to 40 MPa; demoulding; carrying out thermal shaping for 10 to 80 minutes at 140 to 160 DEG C; taking out the shaped product; cooling to obtain a biomass microbial carrier sample. The method is simple in process and low in product cost, and is a new method for preparing a high-load durable biological film carrier simply and easily; the product can be used in the microbe treatment technology of various special waste water, and has a wide market prospect.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a polyaniline / precious metal nanometer composite material modified electrode. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: pre-functionalizing the surface of the electrode to cause the surface of the electrode to have negative charge groups to obtain the functionalized electrode; causing the functionalized electrode to alternatively absorb in a polyaniline solution and a precious metal precursor solution respectively for 5-60 minutes to obtain a multi-membrane electrode; placing the multi-membrane electrode in an inert atmosphere at least for 8 hours, or electrochemically reducing the multi-membrane electrode in an aqueous solution of an electrolyte to obtain the polyaniline / precious metal nanometer composite material modified electrode. A product prepared by using the preparation method provided by the invention not only can be applied to detecting water pollution, but also can be used as catalysis devices based on precious metal nanometer, such as a biosensor, and a fuel cell; as the water soluble conductive polyaniline has the advantages of good conductivity, good electrochemical activity and the like, the preparation of a precious metal particle with the polyaniline as a carrier is mild in condition, environmentally-friendly, and simple in method; the polyaniline can be relatively stably fixed on the surface of the electrode when being used as an electrode catalysis material.

The present invention provides a cyber physical system wireless communication network equal cost multi-path dynamic control method. A multi-constraint optimization model is established in allusion to a CPS wireless communication network, and is combined with the structural characteristics of the CPS wireless communication network on the basis of a conventional ECMP model, so that a dynamic configuration ECMP model is provided. The model takes a condition that the flow flowing into a wireless communication node is equal to the flow flowing out of the node as a business conservation constrain, takes a wireless channel bandwidth upper limit as a link capacity constraint, and takes the maximum link utilization rate minimization as a target function to establish a CPS wireless communication network multi-constraint optimization model, so that a dynamic configuration ECMP optimal load balancing algorithm DECMP is provided on the basis of the model, thereby realizing the network load balancing, and obtaining a CPS wireless communication network optimal network transmission performance.

The invention provides a nano catalyst for tumor treatment, and a preparation method and application thereof. The nano catalyst provided by the invention comprises an erythrocyte membrane, and a composite nano enzyme and a photosensitizer which are coated in the erythrocyte membrane, wherein the composite nano enzyme comprises glucose oxidase and iron nanoparticles which are coated in an inner cavity of the glucose oxidase. The nano catalyst is preferentially accumulated at a target tumor site through targeted biomimetic delivery, and release of the composite nano enzyme is realized under irradiation of near infrared light. Based on high glucose uptake and a weakly acidic environment at the tumor site, glucose oxidase converts glucose into H2O2, induces iron nano particles to start an in-situ Fenton reaction, generates hydroxyl free radicals after sequential catalysis, induces tumor cells to be subjected to oxidative damage, and further kills the tumor cells. The nano catalyst not onlycan realize high-efficiency loading of the catalyst, but also can effectively prolong in-vivo circulation time, so that accurate and sustained release on a tumor focus part is realized, and a new thought and platform are provided for tumor treatment.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a macroporous material loaded with silver nanoparticles. The macroporous hydroxyapatite is synthesized by using cuttlefish bone as a template agent and adding a certain amount of phosphate, wherein the molar number of calcium ion and phosphate ion is more than The ratio is 1:1-3, and the macroporous hydroxyapatite is used as a carrier to soak in silver nitrate solution, and finally sintered at high temperature to load silver nanoparticles on it. The present invention realizes the effective control of particle size and dispersibility of silver nanoparticles, and obtains a silver nanoparticle-loaded macroporous material with uniform particle size and good dispersibility. The material has a massive macroporous structure and has a large surface area. It has strong adsorption and carrying capacity. Due to the large specific surface, especially the loading of nano-silver particles, this product has broad application prospects in the fields of catalysts and antibacterial materials. The preparation process of the invention is simple, the cost is low, and the investment in equipment is small. , suitable for mass production.

The invention discloses a hierarchical collaborative decision-making intra-network resource scheduling method, a system, and a storage medium. The intra-network resource scheduling method comprises the steps of obtaining a computing power demand interest packet requested by an upstream network node in a computing power network; judging whether the current network node meets the computing power demand of the computing power demand interest packet or not, if yes, providing computing power service for data in the computing power demand interest packet according to a deployed performance function,and if not, providing forwarding service for the computing power demand interest packet. According to the technical scheme, the scheduling decision mechanism of the fine-grained local scheduling layer is optimized by means of global information, so that the utilization rate of resources such as global computing power and storage of the computing power network is improved, and load balancing of resources in the network is realized; besides, through the mode of combining the coarse-grained global scheduling layer and the fine-grained local scheduling layer, the non-end-to-end hierarchical collaborative decision-making intra-network resource scheduling capability is provided, the realization of an efficient and balanced intra-network resource scheduling function from the technical level is facilitated, and the overall performance of the computing power network is also improved.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a lignin based carbon loaded nano metal oxide catalyst. According to the method, lignin is taken as a carbon precursor and is made into a solution, thena metal oxide precursor is added into the solution; the solution is freeze-dried to obtain aerogel; and the aerogel is heated in a tubular furnace and then cooled to obtain the catalyst. Through simple treatments such as freeze-drying, high temperature heat treatment, and the like, the prepared metal oxide catalyst has a nano level size, and metal oxides are efficiently loaded on the surface of alignin based carbon material with a high specific surface area. The preparation method is simple and convenient; the activation process is avoided, thus the energy consumption is reduced, and the environmental pollution is avoided. Moreover, the technological content and additional value of lignin are increased; the application range of lignin is enlarged; lignin can be used as a cheap catalyst carrier; the production efficiency is improved, and the manufacturing cost is obviously reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of pesticide residue analysis and determination, in particular to an electrochemiluminescence sensor constructed based on hollow copper-cobalt-MOF and usedfor simultaneously detecting two pesticides and a method for measuring acetamiprid and malathion by using the electrochemiluminescence sensor. The method comprises the steps of preparing the electrochemiluminescence sensor, operating the sensor to simultaneously measure acetamiprid and malathion and the like. According to the sensor for simultaneously detecting the two pesticides, hollow copper-cobalt-MOF enhanced luminol and g-C3N4 compounded by gold nanoparticles are used as an electrochemical luminescence substance, so that the two pesticides including acetamiprid and malathion are simultaneously detected. The electrochemiluminescence sensor for simultaneously detecting the two pesticides based on the hollow copper-cobalt-MOF is simple in material synthesis, small in interference of the two luminescent substances, high in sensitivity and good in selectivity.

The invention discloses a preparation method and an application of a near-infrared dye functionalized intelligent super-molecule vesicle. According to the preparation method, water solubility column [5] aromatic hydrocarbon (WP5) serves as a main body, a biquaternary ammonium salt functionalized near-infrared dye G based on perylene diimide serves as an objective body, the intelligent super-molecule vesicle is constructed by the aid of acting force of the main body and the objective body between the water solubility column [5] aromatic hydrocarbon and the near-infrared dye, and efficient loading of a drug (hydrophobic anticancer drug adriamycin) can be achieved in the self-assembly process. The near-infrared dye G has excellent near-infrared photo-thermal conversion performance and can serve as a photo-thermal treatment reagent of a tumor. The super-molecule drug load vesicle constructed by the aid of the acting force of the main body and the objective body between the WP5 and the near-infrared dye can stably exist in physiology environments and can rapidly and efficiently release a photo-thermal treatment reagent and a chemotherapy drug in tumor acidic micro-environments, collaborative treatment of photo-thermal treatment / chemotherapy is achieved, the super-molecule drug load vesicle is provided with a good drug delivery system, treatment effect of the tumor is greatly improved, and the super-molecule drug load vesicle has an excellent clinical application prospect.

The invention discloses a graphene oxide nanometer material modified by polyacrylic acid, and a preparation method and application of the graphene oxide nanometer material. The nanometer material has the pH value response performance, and can be applied as a nanometer medicine carrier for protecting a medicine from action of acid environment and enzyme in the acid environment in the stomach. Meanwhile, the material can be applied as an adsorbing agent for adsorbing organic dye, pigment and heavy metal materials in water in an aspect of sewage treatment; the separation from the sewage can be realized through the pH value change.

The invention belongs to the field of an electrode material and particularly belongs to the field of sodium electricity and potassium electricity. The invention discloses a 3D porous zinc-loaded current collector. The 3D porous zinc-loaded current collector comprises a 3D porous current collector and metal zinc compounded on a framework of the 3D porous current collector, the invention further comprises a preparation method and an application of the 3D porous zinc-loaded current collector, in addition, the invention further provides a sodium negative electrode or a potassium negative electrodeprepared from the 3D porous zinc-loaded current collector. The 3D porous zinc-loaded current collector is advantaged in that the metal zinc is creatively compounded on a pore skeleton of the 3D porous current collector, and the current collector with the structure can effectively maintain the skeleton stability in the sodium or potassium metal deposition process, moreover, the metallic zinc uniformly distributed on the pore skeleton can induce nucleation of metallic sodium or potassium, so the effective specific surface area of the 3D current collector is fully utilized in the sodium or potassium deposition process, and dendritic-crystal-free sodium or potassium deposition and long cycle life are realized.

The invention discloses a multilayer core-shell structured nano-fiber scaffold, and a method for constructing a tissue engineering material by using the multilayer core-shell structured nano-fiber scaffold and melanocyte. The multilayer core-shell nano-fiber scaffold is prepared through electrostatic spinning, the external layer of the scaffold is a biocompatible material, the middle layer of the scaffold is a polymer barrier layer, and the core layer of the scaffold is a drug supported core material. The tissue engineering material can be formed by using the multilayer nano-fiber scaffold and the melanocyte, or using the multilayer nano-fiber scaffold, fibroblast and keratinocyte, and can be used to treat depigmentation (such as leucoderma). The multilayer core-shell structured nano-fiber scaffold has the advantages of good biocompatibility and mechanical performances, and realization of long-time controllable release of drugs, and the tissue engineering scaffold constructed by using the multilayer core-shell structured nano-fiber scaffold can effectively support growth, propagation and transplantation of melanocyte and co-culture cells.

The invention relates to a nano-drug simulating superoxide dismutase or catalase and a preparation method and application thereof. A nano-carrier is prepared from cyclodextrin derivatives with the hydrogen peroxide removing capacity, free radical scavenger drugs, lecithin and polyethylene glycol-distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, wherein the mass ratio of the polyethylene glycol-distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine to the cyclodextrin derivatives is 2:100-1:1. The nano-drug prepared through the method is in a spherical shape, the particle size range is about 20-800 nm, and the free radical scavenger drugs are evenly distributed in the nano-drug. The preparation method comprises the steps that firstly, the lecithin and the polyethylene glycol-distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine are dissolved in water to obtain a water phase, and the cyclodextrin derivatives and the free radical scavenger drugs are dissolved in organic solvent to obtain an organic phase; secondly, the organic phase is slowly and dropwise added in the preheated water phase, centrifugal washing is performed, freeze drying is performed, and then the nano-drug is obtained. The nano-drug has the obvious preventing and treating effects on oxidative stress injury correlation diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure.

The invention discloses a bionic method for preparing hydrogel, and the method comprises the following steps: preparing a super-hydrophobic surface substrate, accurately dispersing a water-macromolecular solution onto the super-hydrophobic surface substrate, and standing in a certain environment to obtain the hydrogel. The hydrogel prepared by the method disclosed by the invention can be easily peeled from the super-hydrophobic surface substrate, and the super-hydrophobic surface substrate can be reused; and the method disclosed by the invention is convenient to operate, thus the cost is effectively saved. Water-soluble medicaments, cells, proteins, magnetic particles or the like can be added into the water-macromolecular solution to obtain hydrogels with different functions, thereby realizing the high-efficiency wide-range transshipment. The hydrogel can also be used as an intelligent micro-container. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of simplicity, effectiveness, mild conditions and wide application prospects in the aspects of controlling the release of insecticide and fertilizer, and the like in food industry, cosmetic industry and agriculture.

The invention discloses a method based on photosensitive biomacromolecule-loaded enzyme to prepare a biosensor. The method includes three steps: preparing photosensitive biomacromolecules; preparing enzyme-loaded self-assembly nanoparticles; preparing an enzyme biosensor. Through self-assembly of the photosensitive biomacromolecules and enzyme, efficient loading of the enzyme can be realized, and activity of the enzyme can be maintained; a self-assembly particle polymerization network acquired through ultraviolet crosslinking can enhance stability of a coating and can effectively prevent the enzyme from leaking from the surface of a sensor matrix, and the enzyme biosensor has the advantages of high specificity, high stability and wide detection range; by combining self-assembly technology, photocuring technology and an electrochemical sensor, the biosensor can be widely applied in the field of food safety, biomedicine and environment protection monitoring.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles coated with gold and its use in chiral selector assembling, stationary phase preparation and chiral amino acid separation analysis. Through an ultrasonic chemical method, gold nanoparticles coat the surfaces of the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles so that Fe3O4@Au core-shell nanoparticles having good magnetism and good biocompatibility are obtained, through gold-ammonia bond action, bovine serum albumin is fixed to the surfaces of the Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles, and under the action of an external magnetic field, Fe3O4@Au-bovine serum albumin can be controllably fixed in a separation channel of a micro-fluidic chip so that a micro-fluidic chip with Fe3O4@Au-bovine serum albumin as a chiral stationary phase is obtained.

The invention provides modified charcoal, a soil repairing agent and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of charcoal. The modified charcoal provided by theinvention is prepared from corn straw, a graphene oxide suspension, a nano SiO2 suspension and a CaCl2 solution, wherein the volume ratio of the corn straw to the graphene oxide suspension, the nanoSiO2 suspension and the CaCl2 solution is (45-55)g:(10-20)mL:(15-25)mL:(15-25)mL. The modified charcoal provided by the invention has a porous property and a large specific surface area, has a good adsorption capability, and is capable of effectively degrading activity of soil heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil.

The invention belongs to the field of nanometer materials, and relates to a porphyrin metal-organic framework (PMOF) with a hollow nanometer structure as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The material has a huge cavity and a casing, wherein the casing is made of the metalloporphyrin framework material. The size of the nanometer material is 20 to 200 nm; the casing layer thickness is 5 to 50 nm; the cavity diameter is 10 to 200 nm. The huge cavity of the hollow PMOF nano particles is used for loading perfluorocarbon; the perfluorocarbon has high oxygen dissolution performance; oxygen can be efficiently loaded; more oxygen is provided for photodynamics therapy, so that more singlet oxygen is generated; the photodynamic curative effect is enhanced. The huge cavity of the hollow PMOF nano particles and the casing layer pore can effectively load diagnostic reagents including chemotherapeutic drugs, optothermal reagents, imaging molecules and the like. The hollow PMOF haswide application prospects when being used as a novel nanometer drug carrier system.

The invention relates to a direction control method of surface oxygen functional groups on coal-based hard carbon, in particular to a direction control method of surface oxygen functional groups for coal-based hard carbon for sodium-storing cathodes, and is intended to solve the problems that when a carbon material carries oxygen groups, gas oxidation causes low carrying efficiency of oxygen functional groups and liquid oxidation easily causes waste liquid pollution. The directional control method herein comprise s crushing a coal material, grinding, screening to obtain fine coal powder, carbonizing the fine coal powder at a high temperature, carrying out ball milling in the atmosphere of air, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, washing, and drying. The types and contents of oxygen functional groups to modify the coal-based hard carbon material can be controlled through changing the ball milling atmosphere, so that efficient carrying of oxygen groups is achieved, with no waste liquid pollutioncaused. The direction control method is suitable for directional control of surface oxygen functional groups on coal-based hard carbon.

The invention relates to an antibacterial medical catheter coated with a nano silver polymer cellular structure film, which is formed by firmly coating a thin film containing a nano silver / polymer cellular structure on the surface of a common medical catheter used as the raw material and is used for realizing the dual antibacterial purposes of nano silver bacterium resistance as well as cellular structure bacterium resistance and adsorption. The invention is applicable to clinical medical catheters of various materials, sizes and shapes, and the medical catheters can be approximately distinguished into two classes, namely a catheter with an air bag on the far end and a catheter with no air bag on the far end. For the catheter with an air bag on the far end, a tracheal catheter is an example: the inner and outer surfaces of most of a catheter body (11), an air bag (15) and side holes (16) of the tracheal catheter are all coated with a nano silver / polymer cellular structure film (18). The nano silver / polymer cellular structure film mainly comprises a high molecular polymer (32) and nano silver particles (41), and is characterized in that the surface of the film is provided with regular cellular hole structures (33), and the nano silver particles specifically exist on interfaces of the holes and also exist in the substrate of the film.