41 results about "Nonspecific adsorption" patented technology

The present invention provides a protein detection method and detection preparation, which realizes efficient enrichment of target protein through mesoporous silica-graphene oxide composite nanoporous material, completes specific immune capture in combination with magnetic nanoparticles modified with targeted antibodies, and realizes single molecule separation using a microfluidic chip of a three-dimensional hydrogel antibody array. Signal amplification adopts enzyme-labeled secondary antibody-gold nanorod conjugate, enhances the fluorescence signal through the plasma resonance effect, and corrects the background noise in combination with a convolutional neural network algorithm, which significantly improves the detection reliability; experiments show that the detection limit of this method is as low as 0.12pg / mL, the linear range covers 0.5-100,000pg / mL, the single cell detection error is ±7.8%, the batch repeatability (CV=4.2%), the nonspecific adsorption rate is only 1.1%, and the detection time is shortened to 1.2 hours. The detection method of the present invention is suitable for ultra-sensitive detection of tumor markers, especially in the in situ analysis of CTCs with clinical application potential.

The invention relates to the technical field of temperature-sensitive gel, in particular to a dental plaque temperature-sensitive gel color developing agent. The temperature-sensitive gel color developing agent for dental plaque comprises the following components in percentage by mass volume: 0.4-5% of food coloring; 0.5%-2% of a charge protective agent; 0.5%-3% of an adhesive material; 10%-55% of a temperature-sensitive material; 0.05%-0.3% of a bacteriostatic agent and a proper amount of water. The color developing agent is safe and non-toxic, is a flowing liquid at room temperature, is converted into a gel solid from a liquid state when the color developing agent is coated on the tooth surface to reach a phase transition temperature, can effectively reduce the problem of non-specific adsorption compared with a liquid color developing agent, and is easy to remove after being used.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing water-soluble quantum dots. The preparation method uses a surfactant solution to coat oil-soluble quantum dots, retaining the fluorescence of the oil-soluble quantum dots, and uses water-soluble polymer ligands (polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone) to complete functional modification, thereby solving the problems of easy quenching of quantum dot fluorescence, inability of nanoparticles to stably agglomerate, and prone to nonspecific adsorption, resulting in low detection sensitivity. When the water-soluble quantum dots prepared by the preparation method of the present invention are used for biomarker detection, they can be directly dissolved in water, and the fluorescent group is stable, can stably agglomerate and specifically adsorb biological targets; therefore, the immunochromatographic test strips prepared using the water-soluble quantum dots can simply and stably adsorb drug antibodies, thereby improving detection sensitivity, with the detection sensitivity for morphine reaching 0.1 ng / mL.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a silica ball surface coated polymer and bonded functional stationary phase chromatography filler. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, silica gel etherification; s2, coating a polymer on the surface of the vinylated silica gel; and S3, bonding octadecyl or aminopropyl, and performing functional modification on the silicon-based material of which the surface is coated with the polymer to obtain the required silica gel matrix chromatographic filler. According to the preparation method of the silica ball surface coated polymer and bonded functional stationary phase chromatographic filler, the pH range used by silica gel matrix chromatographic filler is expanded, and meanwhile, the polymer on the surface effectively covers silicon hydroxyl on the silica gel surface, so that non-specific adsorption of strong-polarity and alkaline substances is avoided, and the service life of the silica gel matrix chromatographic filler is prolonged. And the separation efficiency of the filler can also be obviously improved.

The present invention discloses a lactic acid detection kit and a preparation method thereof, which belongs to the technical field of detection reagents. The kit comprises 3 mL of R1 reagent, 1 mL of R2 reagent and 1 mL of standard product. The R1 reagent contains bovine serum albumin, nanosilver-trehalose complex and PEG4000. The bovine serum albumin can prevent enzyme decomposition and nonspecific adsorption, chelate a small amount of dissociated Ag, and + , preventing competition with H2O2 for the binding sites of horseradish peroxidase and ensuring the stable generation of quinoneimine; PEG4000 plays a dispersing role, assisting the nanosilver-trehalose complex to form a protective film on the surface of lactate oxidase and horseradish peroxidase, protecting the protein structure of the two enzymes, and can capture electrons from the surrounding environment, increasing the electron transfer efficiency of the active centers of the enzymes during the catalytic process of the two enzymes, thereby further increasing the activity of the two enzymes and improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the kit.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a material for enriching hydrophilic biological substances, which is characterized in that peptide fragments are enriched through specific binding of chemically modified magnetic nanoparticles and glycosylated peptide fragments, so that the problems of high cost, complicated operation and limited identification flux are solved; and an efficient, stable and easy-to-operate technical process is provided for research on glycoproteomics. The surface of the magnetic bead is a combination of a mesoporous structure and a quaternary ammonium salt group, so that the selectivity on a glycosylated peptide fragment is remarkably improved, and non-specific adsorption is reduced. The number of N-glycopeptides can be averagely identified to 2733, and the number of O-glycopeptides can be averagely identified to 1777. The enrichment process is simplified by introducing the magnetic beads, and subsequent automatic experiments and large-scale application are facilitated. And the cost is reduced: the preparation and application cost of the material is reduced by simplifying the synthesis method and improving the stability of the material.

The present disclosure relates to a method for detecting vitamin D or a steroid hormone and a blood sample pretreatment kit. The method for detecting vitamin D in blood comprises pretreating a blood sample to obtain a test sample, and detecting the test sample by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, wherein the pretreatment comprises: adding an internal standard solution and a magnetic bead reagent to the blood sample to obtain a mixed solution and incubating to allow the target analyte to bind to the surface of the magnetic beads; separating the magnetic beads combined with the target analyte; and eluting the target analyte from the surface of the magnetic beads to obtain the test sample, wherein the mixed solution comprises methanol in an amount of 45vol% to 60vol%, or ethanol in an amount of 30vol% to 50vol%. The method can significantly reduce non-specific adsorption of magnetic beads, and improve the accuracy and sensitivity of detection.

A particle includes a copolymer including a repeating unit A having, in a side chain, a sulfide group or a secondary amine, and three or more hydroxy groups, and a repeating unit B having, in a side chain, at least one reactive functional group for binding a ligand, in which nonspecific adsorption is suppressed.

The present invention belongs to the field of electrochemical detection technology and relates to a new anti-fouling material OPA-CsPbBr3, its preparation method, and sensing application. The present invention forms the anti-fouling material OPA-CsPbBr3 by doping OPA polymer into CsPbBr3. On the one hand, due to the good hydrophilicity and near-neutrality of OPA, it exhibits excellent anti-fouling performance; on the other hand, it can further improve the water stability of CsPbBr3, so that it exhibits excellent glucose oxidase-like activity. The present invention further provides an anti-fouling electrochemical biosensor using OPA-CsPbBr3 as an anti-fouling material and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as sensing probes. The sensor can effectively resist the nonspecific adsorption of biological molecules such as proteins in complex biological samples (such as blood and serum). In addition, the integrated nanozyme cascade catalysis and CRISPR / Cas13a system further enhance the detection sensitivity of the anti-fouling electrochemical biosensor, enabling sensitive detection of miRNA-let-7a in complex biological samples.

Provided are a test reagent that is reduced in nonspecific adsorption and is capable of detecting a low-concentration target substance, and a detection method including using the test reagent. The test reagent is a test reagent for in vitro diagnosis including: a thiourea compound; and resin particles, wherein the resin particles each have a sulfur element.

The present invention discloses a plasmon-coupled dynamic, non-copyable anti-counterfeiting label. The preparation method comprises the following steps: first, providing a photoresist layer on a silicon wafer substrate and patterning the wafer using photolithography; second, sequentially applying an aluminum film and a silver film by magnetron sputtering or thermal evaporation; third, dropwise adding a silver nanoparticle solution onto the silver film surface; the silver nanoparticles assemble onto the silver film in a random distribution through nonspecific adsorption and exhibit optical behavior response under detection light of a preset wavelength; and fourth, removing the photoresist layer on the silicon wafer substrate using an organic solvent, thereby producing a plasmon-coupled dynamic, non-copyable anti-counterfeiting label. The anti-counterfeiting label preparation method disclosed herein is simple, requires minimal equipment, and has a high detection speed, offering excellent development prospects in anti-counterfeiting.

The present invention provides a method for screening anti-nonspecific adsorption reagents for FET biosensors. By combining reagents with different terminal functional groups, charges and hydrophilicity, and through the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonds, steric effects and electrostatic repulsion, multi-attribute and multi-ratio anti-nonspecific adsorption reagents for target detection systems are screened. The process is controllable and highly targeted, and anti-nonspecific adsorption reagents with excellent effects are screened more accurately for target detection systems, providing guarantees for subsequent detection. The anti-nonspecific adsorption reagents screened by the method of the present invention can improve the hydrophilicity of the interface, produce steric effects, and enhance electrostatic repulsion through the interaction between the different terminal functional groups of the thiol compound reagents, thereby reducing the adsorption of non-targets in the target detection system and showing strong anti-fouling performance. The modified FET biosensor has a wider linear detection range and an extremely low detection limit, strong anti-interference ability, high sensitivity, and fast response time.

The invention discloses an anti-pollution and sterilization integrated non-co-reactant electrochemical luminescence (ECL) sensor for detecting staphylococcus aureus in an aquatic product as well as a preparation method and an application method of the anti-pollution and sterilization integrated non-co-reactant ECL sensor, and the anti-pollution and sterilization integrated non-co-reactant ECL sensor is suitable for ultra-sensitive detection of the staphylococcus aureus. The integrated hydrogel illuminant is characterized in that chitosan and citral are subjected to a Schiff base reaction to form a three-dimensional network in a cross-linking manner, and tetrakis (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP) and luminol are introduced into the three-dimensional network. According to the present invention, THPP is adopted as a high efficiency oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to replace the traditional hydrogen peroxide so as to be adopted as a co-reactant, such that the ECL signal of luminol is significantly enhanced; the hydrogel has excellent hydrophilicity and antibacterial activity, can significantly reduce non-specific adsorption, realizes anti-pollution detection, and realizes sterilization treatment after detection. By combining a DNA Walker signal amplification strategy, the sensor has a linear response to S. aureus within the range of 101-108 CFU / mL, the detection limit is as low as 0.39 CFU / mL, and the recovery rate of 97.3%-111.85% is obtained in a marine product actual sample. The device has the advantages of being simple in structure, sensitive in detection, high in anti-interference capacity, capable of achieving on-site rapid detection and the like, and is suitable for the fields of food safety, environment monitoring and clinical pathogenic bacterium detection.

The invention discloses an HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) detection reagent and a kit. The HIV detection reagent comprises a reagent buffer solution and a treatment solution, the reagent buffer solution comprises a buffer agent, inert protein, a surfactant and a preservative; the treatment fluid includes a protein denaturant. According to the detection reagent buffer solution, the problem of weak-binding non-specific adsorption can be remarkably solved on the premise that normal performance of a reagent is not affected, particularly, compared with an HIV detection kit in the prior art, the false positive problem of the HIV detection kit prepared from the detection reagent buffer solution is remarkably improved, and the specificity and detection accuracy of a product are effectively improved.

The present application relates to the field of phosphorylated tau protein detection, and particularly relates to a method for improving the sensitivity of phosphorylated tau protein detection and a kit thereof.The present application provides a method for improving the sensitivity of phosphorylated tau protein detection, comprising: S101 obtaining a blood sample; S102 adding a detection reagent to the blood sample; S103 detecting the concentration of phosphorylated tau protein in the blood sample using a chemiluminescence method; wherein the detection reagent comprises an alkaline phosphatase polymer-antibody complex.The alkaline phosphatase polymer-antibody complex prepared by the present application has high yield, good stability, high coupling efficiency, significantly improved sensitivity, low background, good precision, strong anti-interference ability, smaller batch difference and lower non-specific adsorption, and exhibits significant advantages in detecting phosphorylated tau protein in blood samples.

The invention relates to the field of nano biomedical photosensitive diagnosis and treatment, in particular to a cyanine near-infrared contrast agent as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The cyanine near-infrared contrast agent provided by the invention has an amphiphilic molecular structure, so that the stability of fluorescence can be ensured, and non-specific adsorption is reduced through a hydrophilic chain. Meanwhile, hyaluronic acid is specifically combined with a CD44 receptor on the surface of a tumor cell, so that a contrast agent can be guided to preferentially gather in a tumor tissue, the targeting property to the tumor tissue is improved, and the toxicity caused by dissociation of near-infrared cyanine dyes is reduced. In addition, interference of background fluorescence is reduced due to high tumor targeting, and the signal-to-noise ratio and the imaging effect of NIR-II are improved. Besides, hyaluronic acid has good water solubility, and after water-soluble modification is carried out on the cyanine molecules, the cyanine molecules have good biocompatibility, immune system recognition is reduced, and attack by an antibody or complement system is avoided.

The invention discloses a biosensor measuring method based on a two-dimensional miniature field effect transistor electrode. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, cleaning the sensor with acetone / isopropanol / deionized water, and annealing in argon environments of 150 DEG C and 180 DEG C to reduce contact resistance; then, through oxygen plasma surface activation, APTES amination and glutaraldehyde crosslinking, the antibody is fixed on the surface of the aluminum oxide protection layer; bSA sealing is adopted to reduce non-specific adsorption; and finally measuring electric signal response by using a source meter under the condition of control voltage. The method is standard in process and clear in parameter, and the detection sensitivity, specificity and repeatability are remarkably improved.

The invention provides adsorption resin for treating lupus erythematosus and a preparation method of the adsorption resin, and relates to the technical field of preparation of medical drugs, agarose has a rich three-dimensional pore structure (the pore diameter gradient is 50-150 nm) and a high specific surface area (110 m / g), provides sufficient antibody diffusion channels and ligand binding sites, realizes advantage complementation of the two materials, and has a good application prospect in treatment of lupus erythematosus. Meanwhile, porous microspheres with the aperture gradient distributed in the range of 30-200 nm are formed through five times of 100 MPa circulating high-pressure homogenization treatment, the dynamic adsorption capacity of the hybrid carrier is improved by 30%-50% compared with that of a single material carrier, non-specific adsorption of multiple proteins in plasma is inhibited through a zwitterionic polymer coating (such as sulfobetaine methacrylate), and the dynamic adsorption capacity of the hybrid carrier is improved by 30%-50%. The albumin loss rate is further reduced to 1.5% or below, the bacterial colonization risk in the perfusion process is reduced through the natural antibacterial activity of chitosan, ligands are fixed to the surface of an aminated carrier through covalent bonds by means of an EDC / NHS coupling system, one order of magnitude is reduced compared with the prior art, and the secondary immune reaction risk is effectively avoided.

A particle includes a copolymer including a repeating unit A having, in a side chain, a sulfide group or a secondary amine, and three or more hydroxy groups, and a repeating unit B having, in a side chain, at least one reactive functional group for binding a ligand, in which nonspecific adsorption is suppressed.

The invention relates to a protein detection system based on glass nanopores and nano manipulation as well as a preparation method and application of the protein detection system, and belongs to the technical field of biology. Aiming at the technical defects that an existing protein detection method is high in detection limit and complex in operation and traditional nanopores are prone to being blocked, efficient capture and detection of protein are achieved by designing a double-Gap double-chain DNA chip and aptamer combination system and combining 10-17 nm glass nanopores and an accurate nanometer manipulation technology. The method comprises the following steps: fixing double-Gap-containing double-chain DNA on the surface of a glass sheet, and specifically capturing a target protein through an aptamer specifically bound with Gap; a nano control platform is used for controlling the glass nanopore to carry out directional capture on a DNA-protein compound, and protein detection is realized through ion current change. The problems of non-specific adsorption and hole blocking in protein detection are effectively solved, and a novel protein detection platform is provided for clinical diagnosis.

The present invention provides modified immunomagnetic beads, their preparation method, and applications. The immunomagnetic beads exhibit low nonspecific adsorption, a high density of surface functional groups, and excellent stability. The method for preparing the immunomagnetic beads comprises coating hydrophobic magnetic beads with an amphiphilic block copolymer to obtain amphiphilic magnetic beads, and coupling tosyl functional groups to the surface of the beads. After coupling the magnetic beads to target proteins or antibodies, they can be used for a variety of immune responses.

The invention discloses tumor marker magnetic microsphere detection equipment supporting a medical health big data platform, and relates to the technical field of medical health. The tumor marker magnetic microsphere detection equipment is prepared by the following steps: constructing a multi-channel micro-fluidic chip and preprocessing magnetic microspheres; sample loading and hydrodynamic focusing are carried out; local microenvironment impedance is monitored in real time; fluorescence imaging and original signal acquisition; performing dynamic correction based on track-impedance coupling; calculating a self-adaptive nonlinear correction signal; performing big data platform aggregation and group offset compensation; outputting a result and generating a clinical report; preparing for self-cleaning and recycling of the chip; by integrating high-frequency impedance sensing, in-situ and real-time physical measurement of non-specific adsorption on the surface of each magnetic microsphere is realized, and interference is quantified into a monitoring factor; the signal correction process can be dynamically adjusted according to the directly and synchronously acquired interference degree information, and the limitation that the instantaneous state change of individual microspheres cannot be responded due to post-processing or averaging processing is solved.

The invention relates to a PCSK9 protein immobilized adsorbent based on genetic engineering modification, which is applied to the technical field of blood purification and realizes efficient and specific capture of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) through a bionic lipoprotein receptor mechanism. A traditional LDL removal technology has the problems of insufficient selectivity, poor biocompatibility, high cost and the like, while PCSK9 protein as a ligand of a natural LDL receptor (LDLR) has excellent binding affinity. According to the invention, key mutation and modification of PCSK9 are carried out through computer-aided protein design, including D374Y mutation to enhance binding affinity, Cys152-Cys219 disulfide bond to improve thermal stability, and Asn157 glycosylation modification to prolong half-life period. The LDL binding affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM) of the modified protein is significantly superior to that of a natural protein, and the half-life period in plasma is prolonged to more than 100 hours. Due to the innovative design of the adsorption column, efficient LDL removal is ensured, and meanwhile, non-specific adsorption and immunogenicity to HDL are reduced. The technology provides an efficient, safe and economical blood LDL removal solution for patients with cardiovascular diseases, and has a wide clinical application prospect.

The invention provides a fluorescent probe for detecting an aldehyde group as well as a preparation method and application of the fluorescent probe. The fluorescent probe is Flu-N2H4. The fluorescent probe belongs to an off-on type fluorescent probe, fluorescence can be turned on only when the fluorescent probe is covalently connected with an aldehyde group on the glass and is excited, and when the fluorescent probe which is non-specifically adsorbed with the glass is in a closed-loop state, the fluorescent probe is excited and does not emit fluorescence.

The invention discloses an application of a polyethyleneimine biological sealing agent in an IVD detection reagent. The applied polymer is of a block structure, a main chain segment is polyethyleneimine, polyether is used for modification, and the sealing requirements of different systems are met. Polyamine reactive groups (-NH2 and-NH-) are provided on the basis of PEI, activated carboxyl, which is not coupled with an antibody, on the solid-phase surface is effectively combined, and PEI can also provide positive charges to adjust the charge attribute of the solid-phase surface. PEI is modified with a polyether segment, so that a hydrophilic PEG chain is introduced to the solid-phase surface, electrostatic interaction is shielded, surface hydrophilicity is enhanced, and non-specific adsorption with impure protein can be inhibited; an amphiphilic PPG-PEG chain segment can also be introduced into the solid phase surface, so that the interaction between the PEI segment and a hydrophobic region on the solid phase surface to be sealed is enhanced, and the sealing efficiency is improved. The polyether-modified sealing agent taking PEI as a main chain can obtain a stable and excellent sealing effect on the surfaces of latex, magnetic beads, 96-well plates and the like.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biomedical detection, and particularly relates to an HPV drug resistance gene rapid detection method based on nucleic acid mass spectrometry. According to the invention, a targeted temperature-sensitive magnetic bead system is innovatively designed, so that multi-dimensional breakthrough is realized in the aspects of nucleic acid extraction efficiency, detection sensitivity and specificity. On the basis of a chitosan / Pluronic F127 composite magnetic core and ethylenediamine crosslinking technology, surface charge distribution and a pore structure of the magnetic beads are optimized, the nucleic acid capture efficiency is improved, the method is particularly suitable for low-load samples, and the false negative risk is remarkably reduced. And secondly, through polymer critical solution temperature aptamer conformation and in combination with a supercritical drying process, the integrity of nucleic acid is protected, so that the qPCR detection sensitivity is obviously improved, the mass spectrum signal strength is enhanced, and the trace nucleic acid analysis requirement is met. Finally, the non-specific adsorption rate and the host RNA residual quantity are further reduced through a directional coupling aptamer and a sealing strategy, the downstream detection accuracy is ensured, and the method is particularly suitable for high-purity nucleic acid extraction of a complex sample.

The invention discloses construction and application of an electrochemical luminescence sensor based on an oxygen evolution reaction and a self-supporting electrode, and belongs to the technical fields of photoelectrochemistry, sensing analysis and material science. In the invention, the Mn-NiFe-MOF / foamed ferronickel self-supporting electrode is synthesized by utilizing a one-step solvothermal method, not only can enhance an electrochemical luminescence signal by catalyzing an oxygen evolution reaction, but also can be used as a luminol carrier, so that an electron transfer path between active oxygen and luminol is shortened, and the ECL efficiency of a luminol-H2O system is remarkably improved. In addition, the zwitterionic polymer is integrated on the self-supporting electrode to resist non-specific adsorption of other functional components or strains in cosmetic raw materials. In the presence of the target 9-cis-astaxanthin, dissolved oxygen is consumed, so that an ECL signal of luminol is reduced, and accurate quantification of the concentration of the 9-cis-astaxanthin is realized. On the basis, the constructed electrochemical luminescence sensor shows a relatively wide detection range and a relatively low detection limit, and shows excellent performance in cosmetic raw material analysis.

The invention relates to the technical field of protein extraction, in particular to an efficient extraction and preservation method of serum BICC1 natural protein, which comprises the following steps: 1) preparing aminated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles; (2) preparing Fe3O4 (at) Au nanoparticles; (3) preparing a BICC1 template protein; (4) binding the BICC1 template protein; (5) fixing a BICC1 template protein; (6) eluting the BICC1 template protein to prepare a BICC1 magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microsphere; the method is simple, reaction conditions are mild, efficient adsorption of template molecules is achieved through the colloidal gold layer of the magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer, the polymer fixing layer on the outermost layer is a neutral epoxy group, non-specific adsorption is reduced, and the natural BICC1 natural protein is directly, efficiently and specifically extracted from serum.

This invention discloses a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining lactoferrin in infant formula. Based on online purification HPLC technology, the first dimension uses a heparin affinity column, and the second dimension uses a reversed-phase C4 column. This method achieves accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of lactoferrin in infant formula. By adding Tween-20 and sodium chloride to the extract, non-specific adsorption and competitive binding in complex matrices are effectively inhibited, significantly improving the recovery rate of lactoferrin (93.5%–97.3%). The method exhibits good linearity in the range of 5–200 μg / mL, with a detection limit of 2 mg / 100g, a quantitation limit of 5 mg / 100g, and an RSD of 1.2%–3.9%, providing accurate and reliable results. Optimized flow path and cleaning procedures enable online two-dimensional purification and analysis, allowing the expensive heparin affinity column to be reused and reducing detection costs.

The application discloses a kind of anti-biological nonspecific adsorption raman enhancement substrate preparation method and its application, including step 1), substrate stamp is prepared using ultraviolet lithography and reverse mold method;Step 2), DLD triangular prism array substrate preparation;Step 3), DLD triangular prism array substrate surface structure processing;Step 4), DLD triangular prism array substrate gold plating;Step 5), DLD triangular prism array substrate SEM characterization;Step 6), substrate SERS performance test;Step 7), substrate aptamer incubation;Step 8), zwitterion synthesis and modification;The zwitterion proposed in the application can reduce the nonspecific adsorption of substances on the substrate, so that CTCs can better contact the substrate, and the substrate of the application has more micro-nano structures, has higher specific surface area, better promotes cell pseudopod to adhere, and the huge specific surface area can modify more aptamers to capture tumor cells, thereby improving the capture efficiency.