521results about How to "Reduce energy density" patented technology

It is an object of the present invention to control the plane orientation of crystal grains obtained by using a laser beam, into a direction that can be substantially regarded as one direction in an irradiation region of the laser beam. After forming a cap film over a semiconductor film, the semiconductor film is crystallized by using a CW laser or a pulse laser having a repetition rate of greater than or equal to 10 MHz. The obtained semiconductor film has a plurality of crystal grains having a width of greater than or equal to 0.01 μm and a length of greater than or equal to 1 μm. In a surface of the obtained semiconductor film, a ratio of an orientation {211} is greater than or equal to 0.4 within the range of an angle fluctuation of ±10°.

An alkali metal, solid cathode, nonaqueous electrochemical cell capable of delivering high current pulses, rapidly recovering its open circuit voltage and having high current capacity, is described. The stated benefits are realized by the addition of at least one phosphonate additive to an electrolyte comprising an alkali metal salt dissolved in a mixture of a low viscosity solvent and a high permittivity solvent. A preferred solvent mixture includes propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane and an alkyl phosphonate additive.

The present invention provides long life optics for a modular, high repetition rate, ultraviolet gas discharge laser systems producing a high repetition rate high power output beam. The invention includes solutions to a surface damage problem discovered by Applicants on CaF2 optics located in high pulse intensity sections of the output beam of prototype laser systems. Embodiments include an enclosed and purged beam path with beam pointing control for beam delivery of billions of output laser pulses. Optical components and modules described herein are capable of controlling ultraviolet laser output pulses with wavelength less than 200 nm with average output pulse intensities greater than 1.75×106 Watts / cm2 and with peak intensity or greater 3.5×106 Watts / cm2 for many billions of pulses as compared to prior art components and modules which failed after only a few minutes in these pulse intensities. Techniques and components are disclosed for minimizing the potential for optical damage and for reducing the pulse energy density to less than 100×10−6 J / cm3. Important improvements described in this specification have been grouped into the following subject matter categories: (1) Solution to CaF2 surface damage discovered by Applicants, (2) description of a high power ArF MOPA laser system, (3) description of beam delivery units, (4) polarization considerations (5) a high speed water-cooled auto shutter energy detector module and (6) other improvements.

The present application relates to a method of cooking cereal grains comprising a first step (S1) of subjecting an initial volume of cereal grains (3) to hot air in a vessel (2) having air temperature between 150 to 250 degrees Centrigrade for between 30 to 180 second; and a second step (S2) of subjecting the expanded cereal grains (3) to boiling water and / or steam. The second step (S2) is performed subsequent to the first step (S1) whilst the expanded cereal grains remain in the vessel (2). A device for cooking cereal grains (3) is also disclosed. The invention increases the overall volume of the cooked cereal grains compared to conventional cooking methods which results in cereal grains having a lower energy density.

A multilayer film useful for capacitive applications comprises a high energy density layer and a dielectric blocking layer. In some embodiments, a conducting film is located between the high energy density layer and the blocking layer. The high energy density layer may be a fluoropolymer, such as a polymer or copolymer of poly-1,1-difluoroethene or a derivative thereof. The multilayer film may have high energy density (for example,. >8 J / cm3) and low dielectric loss, for example less than 2%, and preferably less than 1%.

System and method for the combination of a flywheel and motor / generator inside a wheel hub for hybrid vehicle propulsion. The flywheel and motor / generator are connected by a planetary gear system, in which a first port is connected to the flywheel, a second port is connected to the wheel hub, and a third port is connected to a motor / generator. An additional motor / generator may be used at one of the first port and second port. The system may be used in an electric-kinetic hybrid mode, or in a fuel-kinetic hybrid mode, when used in a vehicle having an internal combustion engine as the prime mover. Efficiency of energy storage and release is significantly improved in comparison to prior art.

Patterned articles, such as RFID antenna, are made by subablation, a process comprising the steps of: A. providing a substrate having a coating, such as a metal or metal oxide, and an interface comprising the thin region where the coating and the substrate are closest to each other; B. exposing at least one part of the total area of the coating to a flux of electromagnetic energy, Such as a focused excimer laser beam, sufficient to disrupt the interface but insufficient to ablate the coating, and C. removing the parts of the coating in registry with the portion of the interface area that was disrupted, by means such as ultrasonic agitation. The process has advantages over photo-resist processes in that there is no residual chemical resist left on the product and no undercutting of the pattern or image. It has advantages over laser ablation processes in that higher throughput is possible at the same energy level and there is no microscopic debris left on the product surface.

A fluoride ion battery includes a substantially lithium-free anode and cathode. At least one of the anode or cathode contains fluorine, and a substantially lithium-free liquid electrolyte is used for charge transport. The electrolyte is liquid at temperatures below about 200 degrees Celsius, and can be formed from an organic-soluble fluoride salt dissolved in selected classes of solvents.

An objective of the present invention is to provide a laser crystallizing method capable of suppressing a thermal damage on a substrate as well as enhancing a substrate processing efficiency, and a laser irradiation apparatus using the laser crystallizing method. Laser lights oscillated from plural laser oscillating apparatuses are synthesized into one laser light and in a scanning direction of the laser light thus obtained, areas having an energy density lower than a predetermined level are cut with a slit. With the above construction, an average value of laser light energy densities can be increased in the scanning direction. Therefore, laser light irradiation time per area can be suppressed and in addition, a heat quantity applied to an object to be processed can be increased in total. Accordingly, a crystallinity of a semiconductor film can be increased while preventing the substrate from being excessively heated.

A combined plant is provided. The combined plant of continuously supplying hydrogen and nitrogen to an ammonia synthesis facility that continuously synthesizes ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, the combined plant including: a hydrogen production facility for acquiring solar energy and producing hydrogen by utilizing a part of the acquired solar energy; a nitrogen production facility for producing nitrogen from air and supplying the nitrogen to the ammonia synthesis facility; and a hydrogen storage facility for storing the hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production facility and supplying the produced hydrogen to the ammonia synthesis facility.

A rechargeable energy storage device is disclosed. In at least one embodiment the energy storage device includes an air electrode providing an electrochemical process comprising reduction and evolution of oxygen and a capacitive electrode enables an electrode process consisting of non-faradic reactions based on ion absorption / desorption and / or faradic reactions. This rechargeable energy storage device is a hybrid system of fuel cells and ultracapacitors, pseudocapacitors, and / or secondary batteries.

It is an object of the present invention to control the plane orientation of crystal grains obtained by using a laser beam, into a direction that can be substantially regarded as one direction in an irradiation region of the laser beam. After forming a cap film over a semiconductor film, the semiconductor film is crystallized by using a CW laser or a pulse laser having a repetition rate of greater than or equal to 10 MHz. The obtained semiconductor film has a plurality of crystal grains having a width of greater than or equal to 0.01 μm and a length of greater than or equal to 1 μm. In a surface of the obtained semiconductor film, a ratio of an orientation {211} is greater than or equal to 0.4 within the range of an angle fluctuation of ±10°.

The invention provides a positive pole piece which is characterized by comprising a positive pole current collector, a buffer conducting layer and a positive pole active layer in a sequential stacking mode. The buffer conducting layer comprises phosphate, a first conductive agent and a first binder. The phosphate has the following general formula: LiMPO4, wherein M is selected from one of Fe, Mn and Co or a composite of a plurality of Fe, Mn and Co. The thickness of the buffer layer is 2-50 millimeters, and the grain size of the first conductive agent is smaller than 75 millimeters. In the buffer conductive layer, the phosphate content is 40-90wt%, the first conductive agent content is 5-10wt%, and the first binder content is 5-50wt%. Meanwhile, the invention further discloses a preparation method of the positive pole piece and a battery adopting the positive pole piece. The battery prepared from the provided positive pole piece has good over-charging performance and the safety of the battery is greatly promoted.

Each region, which should be left on a substrate after patterning, of a semiconductor film is grasped in accordance with a mask. Then, each region to be scanned with laser light is determined so that at least the region to be obtained through the patterning is crystallized, and a beam spot is made to hit the region to be scanned, thereby partially crystallizing the semiconductor film. Each portion with low output energy of the beam spot is shielded by a slit. In the present invention, the laser light is not scanned and irradiated onto the entire surface of the semiconductor film but is scanned such that at least each indispensable portion is crystallized to a minimum. With the construction described above, it becomes possible to save time taken to irradiate the laser light onto each portion to be removed through the patterning after the crystallization of the semiconductor film.

A satiety promoting beverage and a weight control regimen using it are described comprising: fiber, protein, sweetener and preferably calcium and a catechin, such as purified epigallocatechin gallate derived from green tea. The ingredients are employed in amounts sufficient that a single serving provides a feeling of satiety, both initially and after a period of at least one hour. In a preferred form, a serving of the beverage will comprise fiber in an amount sufficient to supply from 10 to 30% of the DV for fiber; milk protein in an amount sufficient to supply from 4 to 10 grams protein; calcium in an amount sufficient to supply from 10 to 40% of the DV for calcium; a low calorie sweetener and, preferably, the catechin in an amount sufficient to supply from 2 to 4 cup equivalents. The ingredients are homogenized and packaged to provide a smooth textured beverage with a creamy mouthfeel and from about 50 to about 150 calories per serving of from about 4 to 12 ounces. A Fullness Index of greater than 4, and preferably 5 is evidence of both very high volume to calorie and (fiber plus protein) to calorie ratios.

An insulating film having depressions and projections are formed on a substrate. A semiconductor film is formed on the insulating film. Thus, for crystallization by using laser light, a part where stress concentrates is selectively formed in the semiconductor film. More specifically, stripe or rectangular depressions and projections are provided in the semiconductor film. Then, continuous-wave laser light is irradiated along the stripe depressions and projections formed in the semiconductor film or in a direction of a major axis or minor axis of the rectangle.

An electrochemical cell for a lithium ion rechargeable battery. The electrochemical cell comprises an anode including anode active material having a reduction potential of at least about 1.0 volt, a cathode including cathode active material having an oxidation potential of no more than about 3.7 volts, and an electrolyte separator separating the anode and the cathode.

The invention relates to a management optimization method in the field of alternating-current micro grids, and specifically to a multi-time-scale micro grid energy management optimization scheduling method. Aiming at the problems that the existing studies are incomprehensive on consideration of the running status of a micro grid, not detailed enough on the control strategy in each running status of the micro grid, insufficient on calculation accuracy of the running cost and the like, the method comprises a day-ahead economic optimization scheduling phase and an intraday economic optimization scheduling phase; the former considers the electricity price at peak, valley and flat time, and distributed unit power optimization allocation in the micro grid is performed according to day-ahead photovoltaic and load prediction by using the total running cost including the running and maintenance cost of a lithium battery and a fuel battery, interrupted compensation of an interruptible load, price of electricity sold by a large grid and the like as a target function; and the latter considers the outputs of electricity purchased from the large grid by the micro grid, a super-capacitor and the fuel battery, and an independent control strategy is respectively established for the peak, valley and flat time, so that the control strategies are more specific and detailed.

An improved particle effect projector is disclosed that reduces the energy density of a laser beam projected through a movie theater or other entertainment venue, comprising an F-theta lens, a beam expander and a beam focuser with a long focal length that approximates the distance between the particle effect projector and the movie screen or other surface onto which the particle effect beam is being projected.

A technology for pre-processing the stems of tobacco leaves includes heating the low-loss granular solid microwave medium as thermal medium to 100-200 deg.c, mixing said stems with said thermal medium, heating in microwaven over for puffing the stems, and separating the tobacco stems from thermal medium. The pre-processed stems feature high loseness and elasticity, and good smell.

The invention provides a laminated ternary positive material and a preparation method thereof. The chemical formula of the laminated ternary positive material is aLi2MnO3.(1-a)LiMn(1-x-y)NixCoyO2 / M, wherein a is more than 0 and less than 1; x is more than 0 and less than 1; y is more than 0 and less than 1; and M is aluminium oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO) or magnesium oxide (MgO). The preparation method comprises the following steps of: preparing a precursor mixture; sintering the precursor mixture in a sintering furnace to synthesize a aLi2MnO3.(1-a)LiMn(1-x-y)NixCoyO2 positive material; and performing compounding to obtain the aLi2MnO3.(1-a)LiMn(1-x-y)NixCoyO2 / M material. The laminated ternary positive material has high energy density, a stable high-voltage charging and discharging structure, a simple preparation process and low production cost.

The invention discloses a method for prolonging the cycle life of a zinc battery and application thereof. A method of inhibiting the zinc dendritic crystal / bulge growth on the surface of a zinc negative electrode through a porous coating is used; the porous coating is used for prolonging the cycle life of the zinc battery; the porous coating is positioned between the zinc negative electrode and abattery diaphragm. Compared with the prior art, the porous coating disclosed by the invention has the advantages of low price, light weight and no pollution; continuous production can be realized on the existing battery coating equipment; the assembly process of the ordinary secondary zinc battery is not influenced; the energy density and power density of the secondary zinc battery cannot be obviously reduced; the cycle life of the secondary zinc battery can also be obviously prolonged; the method can be applicable to a battery system using metal zinc as the negative electrode; important economic and social benefits are realized.

The invention relate to a device and a method for controlling a single-bus modular digital actuator of a robot. The device comprises an actuator control unit, a direct-current motor, a communication module, a speed reduction mechanism, position and temperature sensors and a current protection circuit. The method includes that the actuator control unit computes control parameters according to the running temperatures, driving currents of the motor and the position of the actuator and outputs the control parameters to a motor control circuit; the communication module receives control instructions of an upper computer and feeds information of the current position of the actuator, the current speed of the actuator and the like to the upper computer; a high rotational speed and low torque of the motor are converted into a low rotational speed and high torque by the speed reduction mechanism and an output mechanism, and the low rotational speed and the high torque are outputted by the speed reduction mechanism and the output mechanism; the position sensor, the temperature sensor and the current protection circuit are respectively used for feeding current position signals of the actuator, the running temperatures and the driving currents of the motor to the actuator control unit, so that closed-loop high-precision safety control can be implemented. The device and the method have the advantages of overcurrent, overvoltage and over-temperature protection, capability of preventing overload or over-temperature damage, high response speed, zero dead zones and high control precision.

A ‘smart’ sub-channel hopping control mechanism executes one or more sub-channel selection discriminators to enable the communications controller of a spectral reuse transceiver to delineate on which of a plurality sub-channels the spectral reuse transceiver may transmit, so as to substantially reduce the likelihood of triggering squelch circuits of silent radios of primary (licensed) channel users.

Objects of the present invention is to reduce a number of scanning a linear laser, to shorten the amount of time for laser annealing, and to reduce a manufacturing process, a manufacturing time, and manufacturing cost of a semiconductor device. In this invention, a gas at high temperature is locally blown so as to overlap at an irradiation surface of linear laser light. The linear laser light can be obtained by injecting laser light radiated from a laser oscillator into a lens. The gas at high temperature can be obtained by heating a gas which is compressed using a gas compressor, by a nozzle type heater. The heated has is sprayed so as to overlap with the irradiation surface of the linear laser light.

A supercapacitor is energy storage equipment with high power density and low energy density, and generally can satisfy requirements of people for both high power density and high energy density only when used by being matched with a battery to be a system. The invention discloses a novel battery type supercapacitor, and through a method of using a high-specific-energy battery material or / and supercapacitor material such as a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal sulfide, a conducting polymer and a carbon material to form alternate thin layers with reduced oxidized graphene (rGO) and further manufacture a multilayer structure formed by a plurality of thin layers, a supercapacitor with high specific energy and high specific power is realized. The novel multilayer structure formed by many thin layers made of battery or capacitor material and rGO in an alternate mode can ensure that an electrode that is manufactured is greatly improved in reaction particle diffusion control and has improved dynamic characteristics, so that high power density and high energy density can be obtained when the electrode serves as a capacitor.

An electrode active material further comprising an amphoteric compound, an alkali metal sulfide or an alkali metal oxide, and lithium secondary batteries using the electrode active material, are disclosed. The lithium secondary batteries neutralize acids generating around electrode active material so that it can inhibit the reduction in battery capacity. In addition, the lithium secondary batteries are excellent in its charge-discharge characteristics, cycle life and thermal stability. A method for preparing the electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries is also provided.

A battery in which the relative positions of a cathode, an anode and a separator are maintained with high precision is provided. A cathode and an anode face each other with a polymer electrolyte including a polymer and a separator in between. In each of the cathode and the anode, an active material layer is disposed on a current collector. Exposed regions where the active material layers are not disposed on the current collectors and the separator are adhered to each other with the polymer electrolyte in between. Thereby, even under a high-temperature environment, the heat shrinkage of the separator can be prevented, and heat generation due to the generation of a short-circuit current can be prevented.