The invention provides quick repair mortar for a high-speed railway concrete track slab. The quick repair mortar comprises, by mass, 100 parts of cement, 50 to 250 parts of fine aggregate, 5 to 25 parts of a mineral admixture, 0 to 8 parts of soluble latex powder, 0 to 20 parts of a polymer emulsion, 0.1 to 1.0 part of a water reducing agent, 0.2 to 2.0 parts of an expansion component, 0.1 to 1.5parts of a plasticizer, 0.1 to 1.2 parts of an early strength agent, 0.2 to 1.5 parts of a retarding component, 0.1 to 0.5 part of a defoaming agent and 0 to 30 parts of water. The mass parts of the soluble latex powder and the polymer emulsion are not 0 at the same time. The invention further provides a preparation method of the quick repair mortar and an application of the quick repair mortar innon-structural damage repair of ballastless high-speed railway concrete track slabs. The quick repair mortar has the characteristics of good workability, early strength, high strength, high volume stability, good durability and the like.