The invention provides a sludge acidification fermentation treatment system which comprises an acidification pretreatment pond, an ultrasonic treatment pond, an acidification hydrolysis pond, an anoxic fermentation pond, a dehydration pond, a pH adjusting device, a first reflux pump, a second reflux pump, a flow monitoring device, a first temperature sensor, a stirring device, a pH monitoring device, a flow adjusting valve, a second temperature sensor, a marsh gas collecting device, an oxygen supply stirring device, an oxygen content monitoring device, a heat preservation layer, columnar separation plates and ultrasonic generators. The sludge acidification fermentation treatment system is provided with an ultrasonic processor, the sludge treatment efficiency is improved, the size of a sludge digestion structure is reduced, and preparations are made for further treatment of sludge. The acidification hydrolysis pond is provided with a temperature monitoring device, the pH monitoring device and the stirring device, the anoxic fermentation pond is provided with a temperature monitor device, the oxygen content monitoring device and the oxygen supply stirring device, it is guaranteed that a reaction is carried out fully, and therefore the utilization efficiency of the sludge is improved, and damage of the sludge to environment is reduced.