The invention relates to a sealant, in particular to a fast-curing one-component polyurethane sealant and a preparation method thereof. The fast-curing one-component polyurethane sealant is characterized by comprising 30%-60% of prepolymer containing silyl-terminated polyurethane, 0.2%-5% of silane coupling adhesion promoter, 0.301%-0.35% of catalyst, 10%-40% of plasticizer, 10%-60% of filler and 0.05-1% of antioxidant, wherein the content of each component is represented by the weight percent. The fast-curing one-component polyurethane sealant has the advantages of fast surface drying, fast curing speed, avoidance of impacts caused by the environmental temperature and the humidity, high cross-linking density, high elongation ratio, good adhesion strength, no solvent, environmental protection and excellent adhesive performance to base materials, such as metal, ceramics, glass, silica PVC, ABC, polystyrene, polyacrylate and the like.