The invention provides potato-rich fine dried noodles based on three-layer composite calendering and a preparation method thereof. The potato-rich fine dried noodles comprise the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-40 parts of potato whole powder, 52.7-77 parts of wheat flour and 3-7.3 parts of vital gluten. The raw materials are premixed: the whole potato flour, the wheat flour and thevital gluten are divided into inner-layer flour and outer-layer flour, which are respectively and uniformly mixed; the inner-layer flour is mixed flour of whole potato flour, wheat flour and vital gluten, the outer-layer flour is wheat flour, and the mass ratio of the inner-layer flour to the outer-layer flour is 1: 0.5-1: 1.5; and the mass ratio of the whole potato flour to the wheat flour to the vital gluten in the inner-layer flour is (0.4-0.6): (0.29-0.54): (0.06-0.11). According to the potato-rich fine dried noodles, the technical problems that potato noodles are poor in tensile capacity, easy to stick to rollers, large in noodle cooking loss, easy to break, difficult in rolling and drying of inner-layer high-moisture sandwich noodles and the like are effectively solved, the potato-rich food fine dried noodles with excellent processing quality, eating quality and functional quality are produced, and the content of whole potato flour is 20%-40%.