The invention discloses a separation method of effective components of a sharpleaf galangal fruit aqueous extract, belonging to the field of pharmaceutical analysis. The separation method comprises the following steps: (A) fetching dried sharpleaf galangal fruit, grinding, carrying out reflux extraction with water, combining filtrate, carrying out reduced pressure distillation to obtain extractum, dissolving the extractum into distilled water, respectively extracting by virtue of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and normal butanol, and recycling solvents, so as to obtain ethyl acetate extract dry powder; (B) dissolving the dry powder obtain in the step (A), filtering, and processing by virtue of a sephadex LH20 gel column, so as to obtain six components from F1 to F6; and (C) carrying out HPLC separation and purification on the components from F2 to F6, so as to obtain compounds including protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechinic acid. According to the separation method, the effective active components are separated and extracted from the sharpleaf galangal fruit, the structures of the effective components are further defined, the basis is provided for later medication, and required components can be extracted according to different requirements.