57 results about "Environmental hormones" patented technology

A polycarbonate resin reduced in the release of environmental hormones which comprises structural units represented by general formula (A) and structural units represented by general formula (B), the structural units represented by general formula (A) accounting for 5 to 90 mol % of all the structural units, and which has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.30 to 0.60 dl / g. The polycarbonate resin is produced through the copolymerization of a bispenol whose ability to link to estrogen acceptors is low with an aliphatic dihydroxy compound. The resin hence has the basic properties inherent in polycarbonates, i.e. mechanical strength and heat resistance, and is reduced in the release of environmental hormones.

The invention relates to a colloidal gold immunochromatographic card for detecting BPA and a preparation method of the colloidal gold, which belongs to the field of industrial compound environmental hormone detection technology. The test strip in a case of the colloidal gold immunochromatographic card is composed of a PVC slab, a sample cushion, a colloidal gold combination cushion, a coating film, and a water absorption cotton, wherein a colloidal gold film is a glass fiber film containing BPA monoclonal antibody; the coating film is a cellulose nitrate film and is provided with a T line and a C line; the T line is coated with a BPA protein conjugate; and the C line is coated with a rabbit antimouse IgG antibody. The colloidal gold immunochromatographic card provided by the invention is effective in detecting BPA quickly, and is simple, convenient, quick, and accurate.

Disclosed herein is a method for producing a transparent or opaque flooring sheet or a flooring using a styrene-butadiene copolymer resin (as a thermoplastic elastomer) by calendering. The flooring causes no problems associated with environmental hormones, and generates no halogen gases or endocrine disruptors, such as dioxin, during incineration. Further, the flooring can be regenerated and reused at any time, and exhibits superior stability upon installation and mounting and excellent elastic restoration after application of stress due to inherent flexibility of rubber.

The invention provides cerrena unicolor derived laccase and a gene and application thereof, and belongs to the field of biotechnology. The amino acid sequence of the cerrena unicolor derived LacB laccase provided by the invention is as shown in SEQID NO.3, the overall-length sequence of the gene of the cerrena unicolor derived LacB laccase is as shown in SEQID NO.1, and the cDNA sequence is as shown in SEQID NO.2. The invention further discloses a fermentation production method of the LacB laccase. The LacB laccase is produced through fermentation of the cerrena unicolor, after the sixth day of fermentation culture, the laccase yield can reach 652 U / mL, and the fermentation production method has the advantages of being high in yield and short in enzyme production cycle. The LacB laccase has significant effects in environmental hormone degradation, and the degradation rate on diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol, dienestrol, beta-estradiol, bisphenol a and hydroprednisone is 98% or above. TheLacB laccase provides a new way for environmental pollutant government, and has good economic benefits and social benefits.

The invention relates to a method for constructing a heart cell system of blotchy rockcod, which comprises: taking a heart tissue of the blotchy rockcod as a material, adopting a trypsin digestion method to start primary culture, and culturing the heart tissue in a DMEM / F12 liquid medium which contains fetal calf serum, basic fibroblast growth factors, I-type insulin-like growth factors, chondroitin sulfate and culture supernatant of fin cells of the blotchy rockcod in the log phase and has a pH value of between 7.0 and 7.4; and adopting the trypsin digestion method for subculturing. The heart cell system of the blotchy rockcod constructed by the method is subcultured for 70 generations currently. The technology is scientific and reasonable, is hopeful to be applied to separation and breeding of fish viroids, preparation of virus vaccines and research in the aspects of interaction of viruses and host cells, and so on, can also be taken as a model for researching environmental pollutants in environmental toxicology, and performs pollution monitoring and safety evaluation on various environmental pollutants in the sea such as genic toxins, mutagen, carcinogens, environmental hormones and endocrine disruptors.

A Gram-negative bacterial strain, Pseudomonas putida TX2 (PTA-6169 and BCRC 910232), was isolated from farmland, which had received frequent applications of a various pesticides and surfactants. This strain was demonstrated to have the capacity to grow on alkylphenol polyethoxylates (0.05% to 20%) or alkylphenol (0.001% to 0.01%) as sole source of carbon and energy. The metabolic activity of this strain can be applied in the degradation of organic polymers containing ethoxylate units, alkylphenol and alkylphenol derivatives.

The invention discloses a method for dispersive solid phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection of organotin environmental hormones in marine sediments. The method determines organotin in marine sediments by adopting ultrasonic extraction, first dispersion solid phase extraction purification, derivatization and back extraction, second dispersion solid phase extraction and purification, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which is easy to operate and can quickly complete sample pretreatment, wherein two times of dispersion solid phase extraction are firstly used forpurification, the entire dispersion solid phase extraction and purification plus derivatization and back extraction processes only takes 20-30min, the results are accurate, the detection limits of thenine organotins are 0.2-0.5[mu]g / kg, the recovery is 82-117%, and the relative standard deviation (n=5) is 3.8-8.2%, which has high sensitivity and satisfactory recovery and reproducibility and can be used to determine the content of organotin in marine sediments.

The invention discloses Rhodococcus DSH capable of degrading environmental hormone bisphenol A, and applications thereof, wherein the Rhodococcus DSH belongs to Rhodococcus sp, is named as Rhodococcus DSH, has the preservation number of CGMCC NO. 12392, and is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, wherein the address is Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3# Court No.1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, and the sequence of the 16S rDNA fragment of the Rhodococcus DSH is represented by SEQ ID NO:1 in the sequence table. According to the present invention, the active sludge of the bisphenol A production drug factory is subjected to enrichment acclimation, purification separation and re-screening to obtain the Rhodococcus DSH, wherein the Rhodococcus DSH can stably and efficiently degrade bisphenol A, and can be used for the bisphenol A biodegradation in the environment, and the environmental remediation.

The invention discloses photocatalyst for degrading environmental hormone bisphenol A, taking silver nitrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate as raw materials, and obtain the Ag / Ag3PO4 photocatalyst after further sediment- illumination. The invention firstly uses the Ag / Ag3PO4 photocatalyst in liquid phase degradation of environmental hormone bisphenol A with high degradation efficiency reaching 96. 5% and mineralization rate of 93. 2%, and achieves the purpose of environment purification. In addition, the catalyst of the invention has simple manufacturing technique and can be produced in large scale based on visible light as driving energy and air as oxidizing agent to degrade environmental hormones, which is beneficial to sustainable development of environment purification and human society.

The invention discloses a dispersive solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection method of organic tin environmental hormones in marine products. The organic tins in themarine products are measured by adopting ultrasonic extraction, freeze degreasing, first time dispersive solid-phase extraction purification, derivatization and back extraction, second time dispersivesolid-phase extraction purification, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The method is simple in operation, the sample pretreatment can be completed quickly, wherein twice dispersive solid-phase extraction is adopted for purification for the first time, the entire dispersive solid-phase extraction purification process plus the derivatization and back extraction only takes 20-30 min,the result is accurate, the detection limit of nine organic tins is 0.4-1.0 mu g / kg, the recovery rate is 80-117%, the relative standard deviation (n=5) is 3.8-7.5%, the sensitivity is relatively high, the recovery rate and reproducibility are satisfactory, and the dispersive solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection method can be used for the measurement of the content of the organic tins in the marine products.

The invention discloses a method for synchronously detecting a water sample contaminated by mixing of trace amount of pesticide environmental hormones. The method comprises the following steps: (1) determination of water quality characteristics of the water sample contaminated by mixing of trace amount of pesticide environmental hormones, and preparation of a standard solution; (2) pretreatment on the water sample contaminated by mixing of the pesticide environmental hormones, specifically, filtration, SPE column activation, environmental hormone extraction, elution and concentration; and (3) determination of the sample and quality control on the determination result. According to the method for synchronously detecting the water sample contaminated by mixing of trace amount of pesticide environmental hormones disclosed by the invention, the determined object coverage area is wide, and related variety is diverse; trace amount of pesticide environmental hormones in a water body can be simultaneously determined, so that the determination cost is reduced, and the determination time is shortened; and accurate and credible determination result are ensured by mass control on the determination result.

The invention discloses an environmental hormone detection device. The environmental hormone detection device comprises a detection assembly, a detection host and a computer which are sequentially and electrically connected, wherein the detection assembly is used for detecting a solution to be detected and outputting an electric signal; the detection host is used for acquiring the output signal of the detection assembly; the computer is used for processing the signal acquired by the detection host and outputting a detection result; the detection assembly comprises an analysis cup and a bracket; the analysis cup is used for storing the solution to be detected and the bracket is arranged at an opening of the analysis cup; the bracket is provided with an insulating substrate; an electrode is printed on the insulating substrate; the lower end of the insulating substrate extends towards the inner part of the analysis cup so that the electrode is immersed into the solution to be detected; a lead wire penetrates through the bracket; one end of the lead wire is electrically connected with the electrode; and the other end of the lead wire is electrically connected with the detection host. The environmental hormone detection device can be used for accurately detecting environmental hormones in the detected solution and also has the characteristics of high sensitivity, high efficiency and the like.

The invention provides a flaky g-C3N4 / ZIF-8 / AgBr composite material for removing bisphenol A in water and a preparation method of the flaky g-C3N4 / ZIF-8 / AgBr composite material. According to the preparation method, an AgNO3 solution and a NaBr solution are added into a g-C3N4 / ZIF-8 solution which is subjected to ultrasonic uniform mixing, and the flaky g-C3N4 / ZIF-8 / AgBr composite material is prepared. By adding AgBr, on one hand, the forbidden band width of ZIF-8 can be narrowed, and on the other hand, part of AgBr can generate Ag elementary substances under irradiation of visible light to effectively capture photo-induced electrons, so that recombination of electron hole pairs is inhibited, and the photocatalytic degradation efficiency is greatly improved. X-ray diffraction and the like prove that the problem that pollutants in water are difficult to degrade by photocatalysis due to a wide energy gap band of an existing MOF material is solved. The material is novel, has the advantagesof high photocatalytic degradation efficiency, simple preparation method, good stability and the like, and can be used for degrading environmental hormone pollutants.

The invention relates to a method and a system for removing environmental hormone type pollutants and black and odorous matter in water bodies. The method comprises the steps that: pure oxygen is pressurized to 0.05 to 0.2MPa and is introduced into an ozone generator, and ozonized pure oxygen with the ozone volume percentage rate being 4 percent to 15 percent; and a plurality of rotary spray nozzles or microporous titanium plate aerators are arranged in the water bodies to be treated, and the ozonized pure oxygen and the water bodies to be treated are fully mixed through the rotary spray nozzles or the microporous titanium plate aerators. The system comprises an ozonized pure oxygen preparation device and a plurality of rotary spray nozzles, wherein the rotary spray nozzles are arranged in the water bodies to be treated, in addition, air inlet pipes are connected with the output end of the ozonized pure oxygen preparation device, and further, the system also comprises a dissolved oxygen water preparation device which provides high-concentration dissolved oxygen water for the rotary spray nozzles. The method and the system have the advantages that color and smell type substances and environmental hormone type pollutants of the water bodies can be simultaneously removed, the oxygen consumption rate of the water bodies can be greatly reduced, and the self cleaning capacity of the water bodies is improved.

The invention discloses a manganese oxidation engineering bacterium for Escherichia coli and application of the manganese oxidation engineering bacterium to environmental hormone degradation. The manganese oxidation engineering bacterium and the application have the advantages that gene engineering strains of surface display spore coat proteins CotA of the Escherichia coli Top10 are constructed, accordingly, the engineering bacterium for the Escherichia coli has manganese oxidation activity, Mn2+ can be oxidized by the engineering strains to obtain high-valence manganese ions, the gene engineering strains are stable in manganese oxidation activity, generated manganese oxide is MnO2, MnCO3 and KMnO4, environmental hormones can be quickly and completely degraded by thallus and manganese oxide mixed systems, and the toxicity of degradation products can disappear; the strains and the mixed systems generated by the strains can be used in the field of environmental remediation and the like.

The invention provides a magnetic quantum dot molecular imprinting material used for detecting bisphenol A and application, and belongs to the technical field of analytic sensing. An electrochemiluminescence sensor of a molecular imprinting compound based on doping of a magnetic material and quantum dots is disclosed, and precise detection of an environmental hormone bisphenol A is achieved by utilizing the specific recognition effect of a molecular imprinting technique, the efficient separating and electrode modification effect of a magnetic composite structure and the high-sensitivity response of electrochemiluminescence signals of the quantum dots to bisphenol A, wherein the concentration detection range of bisphenol A is from 1*10<-9> M to 1*10<-4> M, and the detection limit is 3.4*10<-10> M. The sensor is high in sensitivity and selectivity, convenient to operate, good in stability, high in reproducibility and the like, and a novel and effective method is provided for the detection of environment hormones of industrial water, rivers and the like, and has a significant application prospect.

The invention discloses a method for eliminating phthalic monoester-type environmental hormone in a water body. The method includes: filtering the water body polluted by the phthalic monoester-type environmental hormone, and adjusting pH value to 3-5; adding goethite to the filtered water body, and mixing for 8-24 hours at a speed of 570-1790 rmp / min to achieve adsorption equilibrium; filtering the water body in adsorption equilibrium, and separating the goethite absorbing the phthalic acid monoester to obtain purified water, wherein concentration of the goethite in the water body is 0.1-10g / L. The method for eliminating the phthalic monoester-type environmental hormone in the water body is fast in eliminating speed and high in absorption amount, and the goethite after absorption is easy to regenerate after desorption and can be reused.

The invention discloses application of a scatophagus argus vitellogenin gene to detection of water area environmental hormones. The application comprises the following steps: obtaining a VTGAb full-length sequence according to a RACE method; sampling and extracting liver RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) after injecting estrogen into scatophagus argus in a gradient manner; detecting expression of VTGAb by adopting an RT real-time quantitative PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method; taking EF1-a as an internal control gene and carrying out absolute quantification on cDNA (complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid) of liver tissues to establish a detection system of a VTGAb transcriptional level; putting scatophagus argus which is not sexually mature into a water body to be detected and sampling and extracting the liver RNA; detecting expression amount of the VTGAb; and comparing with the detection system, and analyzing the pollution degree of the environmental hormones of a water sample. By adopting the application disclosed by the invention, the pollution condition of the environmental hormones can be measured under the condition that the economic loss is relatively small and the single variable of the scatophagus argus is controlled; and the scatophagus argus vitellogenin gene can be used for the pollution degree of the environmental hormones of water samples of seawater, the mouth of a river and a saline water internal lake.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a flocculating agent for environmental hormone polluted underground water, which comprises the following steps: by taking a dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride monomer as a raw material, adding a metal ion chelating agent, persulfate and a high-temperature initiator, introducing nitrogen, carrying out heating reaction, then adding a chain transfer agent ethylene glycol, continuing heating reaction, finally adding hydrogel, performing heat preservation reaction, and performing concentration and spray drying. According to the preparation method of the flocculating agent, on the basis of a traditional preparation method of the flocculating agent poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, the molecular mass of a product is reduced by adding the chain transfer agent ethylene glycol, meanwhile, due to the fact that the molecular mass of the product is reduced, the product can be better combined with the added hydrogel, and the removal effect on environmental hormones is good; and the adopted hydrogel is cross-linked hydrogel based on polyamino acid molecules, has the characteristics of high mechanical strength and good binding degree with poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, and has a good removal effect on environmental hormones.

A Gram-negative bacterial strain, Pseudomonas putida TX2 (PTA-6169 and BCRC 910232), was isolated from farmland, which had received frequent applications of a various pesticides and surfactants. This strain was demonstrated to have the capacity to grow on alkylphenol polyethoxylates (0.05% to 20%) or alkylphenol (0.001% to 0.01%) as sole source of carbon and energy. The metabolic activity of this strain can be applied in the degradation of organic polymers containing ethoxylate units, alkylphenol and alkylphenol derivatives.

The invention relates to a green edible grade softening agent for textile printing and dyeing and a preparing method thereof and belongs to the technical field of textile printing and dyeing. The preparing method of the green edible grade softening agent for textile printing and dyeing comprises the steps of melting lard oil and an stearic acid, adding a caustic soda liquid, distilled water and ethyl alcohol, keeping the temperature at 83-87 DEG C for 1.5-2 h, afterwards adding isopropyl alcohol, keeping the temperature for 25-29 min, then adding polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester T-60, and stirring for 10-15 min, so that the softening agent is obtained. The raw materials of the green edible grade softening agent for the textile printing and dyeing are all food grade edible raw materials, and the prepared softening agent is a nontoxic, safe, environment-friendly and green edible softening agent for the textile printing and dyeing. The softening agent contains no constituents such as phenol, aldehyde, formaldehyde and azoic compounds, has good biodegradability, and does not release environmental hormones; when absorbent cotton and gauze treated by the softening agent are used for surgery of a patient, unfavorable results of 'inflamed, red and swollen and ulcerated wounds and wounds which do not heal easily' cannot be caused. The green edible grade softening agent for textile dyeing is good in softness.

The invention discloses a method for simultaneously detecting multiple environmental hormones by a SPR (surface plasma resonance) technique based on regenerated liquid optimizing. On the basis of an SPR sensor, an immune inhibiting method is combined; according to the difference of bonding force between different antigens and antibodies, regeneration solutions with different intensities are used for gradient elution, the SPR sensor is used for monitoring in real time, and then multiple environmental hormones can be simultaneously detected on the surface of a single-channel sensing chip. Compared with the existing surface plasma detection technique, the method has the advantages that the detection efficiency is increased by more than two times, the detection cost is reduced by more than two times, the time is shortened by more than two times, and the chip can be repeatedly used for several hundreds of times; the problem of failure to realize multiple detection due to a single channel in the traditional SPR sensor is solved; the method can be applied to accurately detecting matters with small molecular weight (smaller than 1000Da), such as bisphenol A and phthalate.

The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental governance and resource recycling, and provides a method for establishing a biomass-based double aqueous phases and purifying harmful substances in a salt solution. By adopting harmful substances in high saline water as a study object and for the problems that the extraction agent in the traditional double aqueous phases is expensive, the toxicity is high and the like, a rich biomass resource is used for providing a method adopting biological gel as an extraction agent to establish a novel double aqueous phase with salt-containing waste water so as to extract harmful substances in the salt water, and salts can be recycled. A purification method can adopt a rapidly mixing method, i.e., the salt concentration of the salt-containing waste water is controlled at certain concentration, a given amount of polymer is mixed with the salt water, and after the mixed solution stands, a two-phase system can be formed; and to separate anupper phase is to adopt the biological colloid as the extraction agent to extract the harmful substances in the high saline water such as heavy metal ions, environmental hormones and the like, a lowerphase is mainly a purified saline solution, and after the separation, the purification of the heavy metal ions, the concentrate recycling of the environmental hormones and the comprehensive utilization of waste resources can be realized.

A silicone baby bottle which is made of silicone which does not generate environmental hormones is disclosed. The silicone baby bottle allows an infant or young child to be safely fed. The silicon baby bottle includes a body part, a nipple, and a coupling member composed of a first coupling ring and a second coupling ring which are screwed with each other to be coupled. The body part and nipple are made of silicone which is a soft material and the coupling member is made of a rigid material so that a coupled structure of the body part and nipple can be tightly sealed. Since only the body part and nipple made of silicone are allowed to come into contact with infant formula and infant's mouth, the infant is not exposed to environmental hormones attributable to synthetic resin.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of novel hyperbranched polyether based on sucrose as a substrate, and relates to the field of hyperbranched polyether synthesis. A reaction kettle is involved. The synthesis method comprises the following steps: (1) adding sucrose, a catalyst 1 and glycidyl ether into the reaction kettle; (2) vacuumizing the system obtained in step (1), and heating to react; (3) releasing vacuum in step (2), adding reactants, and heating for a reaction; and (4) pressing an end-capping reagent into the system obtained in step (3), adding a catalyst 2, and carrying outa cooling reaction. A bio-based material and a derivative thereof are used as substrates to synthesize the hyperbranched polyether, and nonylphenol series products which are not environment-friendly and have environmental hormone properties can be replaced.

The present invention relates to an indirect competive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection method of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, wherein the indirect competive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay belongs to the luminosity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the specific antigen-antibody reaction is adopted to efficiently and rapidly detect the environmental hormone bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. According to the present invention, 4-amino bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate easily binding with protein is synthesized, protein is bond with the 4-amino bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate to prepare immunogen, the immunogen is injected into rabbits to obtain antibody, and the indirect competive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection method is established to detect the bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; and the bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is the environmental hormone harmful for organism health, and the bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate content in river, lakes, food, cosmetics and other articles can be efficiently and rapidly detected with the establishment of the indirect competive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection method.

The invention relates to the technical field of marine sediment contamination detection, in particular to a dispersive solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection method of aphthalic acid ester environmental hormone in a marine sediment. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) sample collection, (2) sampling and ultrasonic extraction, (3) concentration, (4) dispersive solid-phase extraction purification, (5) concentration and constant volume, (6) detection by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detector, (7) standard curve drawing and (8) determination ofa recovery rate. The method is simple to operate; the ultrasonic extraction efficiency is high; pretreatment of a sample can be accomplished quickly; graphitized carbon black is used as a solid-phaseadsorbent for the first time; the dispersive solid-phase extraction efficiency is high; a purification effect is good; the method is higher in sensitivity, recovery rate and repeatability; a detection limit of 16 phthalic acid esters is 0.1-0.25 micrograms per kg; the recovery rate is 78-117%; a relative standard deviation (n=5) is 2.4-6.8%; and the method can be applied to the accurate determination of a phthalic acid ester content in the marine sediment.

The invention provides a magnetic quantum dot molecular imprinting material used for detecting bisphenol A and application, and belongs to the technical field of analytic sensing. An electrochemiluminescence sensor of a molecular imprinting compound based on doping of a magnetic material and quantum dots is disclosed, and precise detection of an environmental hormone bisphenol A is achieved by utilizing the specific recognition effect of a molecular imprinting technique, the efficient separating and electrode modification effect of a magnetic composite structure and the high-sensitivity response of electrochemiluminescence signals of the quantum dots to bisphenol A, wherein the concentration detection range of bisphenol A is from 1*10<-9> M to 1*10<-4> M, and the detection limit is 3.4*10<-10> M. The sensor is high in sensitivity and selectivity, convenient to operate, good in stability, high in reproducibility and the like, and a novel and effective method is provided for the detection of environment hormones of industrial water, rivers and the like, and has a significant application prospect.

The present invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and environmental science, and discloses a bostrychus sinensis vitellogenin full-length gene, a cloning method thereof and an application thereof. A VTG gene sequence is shown as SEQ1 and an amino acid sequence is shown as SEQ2. The bostrychus sinensis vitellogenin full-length gene sensitive to environment changes is firstly obtained, which fills blank of bostrychus sinensis genome, and at the same time, the gene is the VTG gene obtained by inducing aristichthys nobilis under stimulation of E2, therefore, expression of the gene is directly related to stimulation of environmental hormones, gene regulation and protein can better reflect status of environmental hormone pollution, and the gene and protein are more accurate and practical for environmental monitoring and evaluation as biomarkers of environmental estrogens. At the same time, the bostrychus sinensis vitellogenin full-length gene has theoretical and practical significance to further study of expression and application of the VTG protein under action of the environmental hormones.

The present invention uses natural materials to manufacture disposable containers, so that the present invention has no problem of environment hormone and the like as well as does no harm to human bodies unlike polystyrene-based disposable containers. Further, the present invention foams natural materials to fabricate disposable containers, so as to solve the weakness of conventional natural material-based disposable containers, that is, the problems of fragility or deformation and weight, to thereby provide economic and environment-friendly disposable containers which are light-weighted but less damaged or deformed.