The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural crop planting, and provides an oriental sweet melon planting method in a downwards concave type solar greenhouse in order to resolve the problems that as a protected area adopts the open field culture varieties and culturing technology and the pruning mode is a creeping mode, fruit setting is difficult, coloring is slow, the yield is low, diseases are serious, the quality and yield are affected, the income for farmers is reduced, and further development of production of oriental sweet melons in the protected area is restrained. By selecting excellent varieties, culturing strong seedlings, reasonably applying fertilizer, managing the field, changing the pruning mode, improving the plantation density of oriental sweet melons, increasing the ventilation and light-permeable capacity, adopting bumblebee pollination or artificial auxiliary pollination, improving the time to market, improving the acre yield and prolonging the harvesting period, the effects of increasing of planting income for farmers, adjusting the time to market and increasing the yield are realized. The yield of oriental sweet melons in the protected area is increased by 100 percent, the time to the market is prolonged by 20 days, the density of reserved seedlings is increased by 25 percent, the disease resistance of oriental sweet melons is improved, and the use amount of pesticide is reduced.