The invention discloses a high-temperature-resistant toughened light-cured resin composition and a preparation method thereof. The composition contains the following raw materials: acrylic resin, epoxy resin, an active diluent, a free radical initiator 1, a free radical initiator 2, a cationic initiator, polyol, a leveling agent, an antifoaming agent, a wetting dispersing agent, nano-core-shell rubber, nano-silicon oxide and a pigment. According to the resin composition, the curing rate of high-temperature-resistant light-cured resin can be effectively increased, and the initial strength of a product is greatly enhanced; furthermore, the material further has relatively high tenacity, so that the operations of punching, screw drilling and the like can be realized on a sample. Therefore, the high-temperature-resistant toughened light-cured resin composition has the characteristics of high curing efficiency and initial strength, excellent high temperature resistance, good tenacity and stable dimension.