The invention relates to a method for testing the fertilizer efficiency of fine garbage compost. The method comprises the following steps of: removing impurities from the compost, drying the compost at the temperature of 105 DEG C to constant weight, screening the compost of which the particle size is 1,700 nanometers, smashing the screened compost at the speed of 24,000 revolutions per minute for 9 minutes, 6 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes and 1 minute respectively to prepare the compost with different particle sizes, putting the compost with the different particle sizes into alcohol, and uniformly dispersing the compost with the different particle sizes by using an ultrasonic oscillator to prepare suspension; dipping a toothpick with a small amount of suspension, coating a layer of suspension on the surface of a sample platform, drying the suspension by using electric heating air, sucking the dried suspension by using a dust collector for half a minute and measuring the particle sizes by using an S4800 field-emission scanning electron microscopy, wherein the particle sizes of the obtained compost are 1,700 nanometers, 1,200 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 240 nanometers and 100 nanometers respectively; and weighing 0.5 grams of garbage compost to determine a digest volume respectively and testing the fertilizer efficiency of the fine garbage compost by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer.