29 results about "Perchlorate salt" patented technology

The invention discloses an efficient flame-retardant fire extinguishing agent for rapidly extinguishing a lithium battery fire and a preparation formula, and relates to the technical field of fire fighting. The fire extinguishing agent is composed of a liquid-phase component and a solid-phase component, wherein the liquid-phase component comprises ethylene glycol, triethanolamine, fluoroalkyl betaine, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, a phosphate flame retardant, an orange peel extracting solution and purified water; the solid-phase component comprises dodecyl sulfate, ammonium phosphate, potassium perchlorate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylamide, benzotriazole and the like. The method comprises the following steps: drying and activating solid-phase components after graded crushing, and stirring in a nitrogen atmosphere; carrying out segmented treatment on liquid-phase components, and carrying out ultrasonic emulsification on an orange peel extracting solution; and after solid-liquid mixing, carrying out vacuum defoaming, high-speed shearing dispersion and homogenization treatment. According to the lithium battery fire extinguishing agent, component particle sizes with different dissolution rates are matched through graded crushing, nanoscale dispersion is achieved through ultrasonic emulsification, the bubble residual rate is reduced through vacuum defoaming, and the problems that a traditional lithium battery fire extinguishing agent is low in insulativity, low in cooling efficiency and insufficient in flame retardant efficiency are solved.

Provided are a method for producing a titanium-based electrolytic raw material with relatively low Al and O contents while suppressing or eliminating the use of calcium fluoride and potassium perchlorate, and a method for producing pure metallic titanium or Ti—Al alloy. The method for producing a titanium-based raw material for electro-refining according to the present invention is a method for producing a titanium-based raw material for electro-refining used for molten salt electro-refining to obtain pure metallic titanium or Ti—Al alloy, the method comprising: a reaction step of bringing a titanium compound, at least a part of the titanium compound containing titanium oxide, into contact with, in melt, pure metal and / or alloy of aluminum as a reducing agent, and a melting accelerator, and causing reactions including deoxidation of a part of O in the titanium oxide to obtain a titanium alloy product comprising Al and O, wherein the melting accelerator comprises calcium oxide (CaO), and a content of calcium oxide in the melting accelerator is 80% by mass or higher.

A thermal destruction reservoir system and a method of using the same to thermally destroy certain chemical and / or biological materials. The reservoir relies upon the use of a sheet comprising potassium perchlorate and iron dispersed in a polymeric binder.

The invention relates to an energetic material based on a urea-potassium perchlorate eutectic system and a preparation method of the energetic material, and belongs to the technical field of safe and environment-friendly energetic materials. The energetic material based on the urea-potassium perchlorate eutectic system is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 18 to 35 parts of high-molecular fluorine polymer with the particle size of 50 to 400 microns; 15-40 parts of active metal powder with a particle size of 10-75 [mu] m; 10-30 parts of urea with a particle size of 20-100 [mu] m; 12-35 parts of potassium perchlorate with a particle size of 10-120 [mu] m; 0.5 to 3 parts of a silane coupling agent; 0.5 to 5 parts of a binder; 5 to 10 parts of nano silicon dioxide; 0.5-3 parts of a stabilizer; the urea and the potassium perchlorate are used for constructing a urea-potassium perchlorate eutectic system. According to the energetic material, through co-crystallization treatment of urea and potassium perchlorate, the synergistic effect of an oxidizing agent and a gas generating agent is optimized, and then the problems that a traditional energetic material for emission is large in pollution and poor in safety are solved.

This invention relates to the field of carbon dioxide fracturing technology, specifically to a special powder for carbon dioxide activators and its large-scale preparation process. The special powder uses potassium perchlorate, salicylic acid, and ammonium oxalate as main raw materials, compounded with trace functional additives. The formula is scientifically controlled, possessing both high exothermic properties and inherent safety. The preparation process includes: pre-treating the raw materials followed by multi-gradient drying, graded ball milling and sieving, pre-mixing, homogenization and mixing, and secondary drying. The special powder prepared by this invention has a component uniformity deviation of ≤1%, a shelf life of up to 24 months at room temperature with sealing, 100% ignition reliability, and is compatible with various carbon dioxide fracturing devices, exhibiting significant safety, environmental, and economic advantages in mining, municipal engineering, and high-gas mines.

This invention provides a potassium perchlorate temperature-controlled stirrer, relating to the field of chemical engineering technology. It includes a housing, with a fixed plate fixedly connected to the inner wall of the housing. A motor is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the top of the housing, and a drive rod is fixedly connected to the drive end of the motor. The outer wall of the drive rod is rotatably connected to the inner wall of the housing. This invention employs multiple sets of bevel gears and stirring blades, allowing a single motor to simultaneously drive the stirring blades and stirring rod to rotate in opposite directions. This enables the two parts of the device to stir the solution in reverse, thereby accelerating the stirring rate. Furthermore, the stirring rod is hollow and equipped with an air jet structure, allowing for air jetting into the solution during stirring, further accelerating the reaction rate. Additionally, the stirring blades are adjustable, allowing for changes in their lateral area to increase the stirring range. This provides better stirring results for different stirring conditions, enhancing its practicality.

Provided are a method for producing a titanium-based electrolytic raw material with relatively low Al and O contents while suppressing or eliminating the use of calcium fluoride and potassium perchlorate, and a method for producing pure metallic titanium or Ti-Al alloy. The method for producing a titanium-based raw material for electro-refining according to the present invention is a method for producing a titanium-based raw material for electro-refining used for molten salt electro-refining to obtain pure metallic titanium or Ti-Al alloy, the method comprising: a reaction step of bringing a titanium compound, at least a part of the titanium compound containing titanium oxide, into contact with, in melt, pure metal and / or alloy of aluminum as a reducing agent, and a melting accelerator, and causing reactions including deoxidation of a part of O in the titanium oxide to obtain a titanium alloy product comprising Al and O, wherein the melting accelerator comprises calcium oxide (CaO), and a content of calcium oxide in the melting accelerator is 80% by mass or higher.

The utility model relates to the potassium perchlorate precipitation field especially relates to a needle type potassium perchlorate precipitation filtering device. Including the precipitation box, first cooling precipitation mesh plate and second cooling precipitation mesh plate, the precipitation box main part is square box structure, the inside of precipitation box is vertically arranged with a plurality of first cooling precipitation mesh plate and second cooling precipitation mesh plate, first cooling precipitation mesh plate and second cooling precipitation mesh plate level from one side first insertion port and second insertion port insert, first cooling precipitation mesh plate and second cooling precipitation mesh plate staggered arrangement, the top middle part of precipitation box is provided with liquid inlet. Through the refrigeration of refrigerating machine to the precipitation box, makes inside keep a temperature that can fast precipitate, the structure of first cooling precipitation mesh plate and second cooling precipitation mesh plate can make solution can quickly spread, thereby make the precipitation effect better, first cooling precipitation mesh plate and second cooling precipitation mesh plate can be quickly replaced after the precipitation is complete.

The utility model relates to anti-caking stirring equipment in the drying process of potassium perchlorate, and belongs to the technical field of chemical equipment, the anti-caking stirring equipment can fully stir the potassium perchlorate and prevent the potassium perchlorate from caking in the drying process to a certain extent, and the comprehensive practicability is good. The mounting box is detachably mounted at the bottom of the stirring tank; the three supporting discs are fixedly welded to the bottom of the mounting box; the driving motor is detachably mounted in the mounting box, and the output end of the driving motor extends into the stirring tank through an output hole formed in the stirring tank and is fixedly welded with a stirring shaft; the stirring cover is slidably connected to the end, away from the mounting box, of the stirring tank; the plurality of stirring blades are fixedly welded on the stirring shaft, the stirring blades are uniformly arranged in three layers, the included angles between each layer of stirring blades and the horizontal plane are respectively 20 degrees, 40 degrees and 60 degrees, and a pneumatic vibrator is fixedly mounted at one end, far away from the stirring shaft, of each stirring blade.

The utility model relates to wastewater recovery technical field, the utility model provides a system of recycling potassium perchlorate, sodium chloride in wastewater, the system includes MVR evaporation crystallization device, MVR centrifugal device, cooling crystallization device, cooling centrifugal device, anti -dissolution device, anti -dissolution centrifugal device, frozen crystallization device, frozen centrifugal device. The utility model utilizes the different features of the concentration and solubility of potassium perchlorate, sodium chloride in wastewater, first evaporates and concentrates under high temperature condition and precipitates sodium chloride, then precipitates potassium perchlorate by cooling, and the precipitated potassium perchlorate is purified by anti -dissolution and frozen crystallization, and the mother liquor is recycled in the process. Through the above technical scheme, potassium perchlorate and sodium chloride are effectively separated and recovered, the comprehensive utilization of wastewater is realized, and the technical problem of low product quality in the prior art is solved.

The utility model discloses potassium perchlorate smashing and screening integrated equipment, and relates to the technical field of potassium perchlorate production equipment, the potassium perchlorate smashing and screening integrated equipment comprises a smashing mechanism and a screening mechanism, the bottom of the smashing mechanism and the top of the screening mechanism are fixedly installed, in the potassium perchlorate smashing and screening integrated equipment, a negative pressure pump conducts negative pressure operation on the interior of a machine body through a negative pressure pipe; the inside of the machine body is in a certain negative pressure environment, external air is difficult to enter the machine body, meanwhile, in the crushing process, a ventilator pumps dust-containing air in the machine body to dust removal equipment through a pipeline, and through the mode that a negative pressure pump and the ventilator are combined, the diffusion range of dust can be controlled, and the safety of the equipment is improved; in the crushing process, the pump body conveys low-temperature cooling liquid in the circulating cooling box into the spiral cooling pipe, the cooling liquid spirally flows upwards through the spiral cooling pipe, heat generated in the crushing process is taken away in time, the situation that the temperature is too high due to heat accumulation is avoided, and the possibility of accidents such as explosion caused by high temperature is reduced.

This invention provides a boron-based composite energetic material with sodium molybdate assembled with an oxidant and its preparation method. The material includes a boron matrix, an energetic oxidant assembled on the boron matrix, and sodium molybdate dispersed within the energetic oxidant. The boron matrix is ​​boron powder, mono-modified boron powder, or binary modified boron powder. The energetic oxidant is ammonium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, or potassium perchlorate. The morphology of the boron-based composite energetic material is rough-surfaced spherical particles. The ignition delay time of the boron-based composite energetic material with sodium molybdate assembled with an oxidant prepared by spray drying is 37-30 ms, which is half that of boron powder or surface-modified boron powder; the oxidation peak temperature of this composite energetic material is 560-533℃, which is more than 100℃ lower than that of boron powder or surface-modified boron powder.

NASA's mandate is a human mission to Mars in the 2030s and sustained exploration of Mars requires in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Exploiting the Martian water cycle (alongside perchlorate salts that depress the freezing point of water to <213K) and the available 95 vol. % atmospheric CO2, we detail an ultra-low temperature (255K) CO2—H2O electrolyzer to produce methane fuel and life-supporting oxygen on Mars. Methane production is thermodynamically favored across a range of operational pressures and temperatures and our electrolyzer polarization model concurred with reported experimental performance. A 10-cell, 100 cm2 electrode-area-per-cell electrolyzer produced 0.406 LW−1day−1 of CH4 and 2.08 LW−1day−1 of O2 at 2V / cell (operating voltage) vs. 2.202 L W−1day−1 of O2 produced by the Mars Oxygen in-situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) from NASA's Mars 2020 mission (MOXIE produces no fuel). Material performance requirements are presented to show that this technology is an energy-efficient complement to MOXIE's high temperature approach.

Gas-generating compositions according to various embodiments comprise a fuel, an oxidizer, and at least two combustion modifiers. The oxidizer can be a metal nitrate, such as basic copper nitrate, and the fuel can be a nitrogen-containing organic compound, such as melamine nitrate. The at least two combustion modifiers are ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate. The ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are present in a ratio of between 3:1 and 1:3. In some embodiments, the ratio is 1:1. Optionally, the gas-generating compositions can include additional components, such as processing lubricants, slagging agents, and additional fuels, oxidizers, and combustion modifiers.

The invention relates to the field of inorganic materials, in particular to potassium perchlorate and application in safety airbags, and the potassium perchlorate comprises a potassium perchlorate core body and a protective layer coating the surface of the potassium perchlorate core body; the preparation method of the potassium perchlorate comprises the following steps: dispersing a potassium perchlorate core body in a solvent containing an organic ligand, enabling the organic ligand to be adsorbed on the surface of the potassium perchlorate to form an induction layer, then adding the induction layer into a growth solution containing metal ions, enabling a metal organic framework crystal to grow on the surface of the potassium perchlorate to form a protective layer, and finally obtaining the potassium perchlorate. The prepared potassium perchlorate has extremely low moisture absorption rate and extremely high friction safety, in addition, possibly, transition metal ions in a protective layer have catalytic activity, but the burning speed is increased, and the potassium perchlorate can be applied to safety airbags of automobiles.

The invention belongs to the technical field of potassium perchlorate recovery, and particularly relates to a device and process for recovering potassium perchlorate from potassium perchlorate waste brine, the device comprises an evaporation tank, a high-temperature evaporation assembly is installed at the top of the evaporation tank, and a baffle, a transmission assembly and a concentration testing assembly are installed in the evaporation tank. When the concentration of potassium perchlorate in mother liquor needs to be measured, an air cylinder drives a test board to move downwards through a push rod, the test board drives a push-pull rod to move downwards through a bottom plate, and the mother liquor in an evaporation tank enters a cooling cylinder by rotating a first rotating disc; after a certain amount of mother liquor enters the cooling cylinder, the first turntable blocks the first base disc, the liquid cooling radiator cools the mother liquor in the cooling cylinder, and after the temperature is reduced to normal temperature, the push-pull rod continues to drive the second base disc and the second turntable to move, and the mother liquor in the cooling cylinder enters the test tube through the second turntable and the second base disc; the concentration of potassium perchlorate in the mother liquor is tested through the detector, so that the thermal drift of the detector is avoided while the concentration calculation precision of the detector is improved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of potassium perchlorate processing equipment, in particular to drying equipment for fast feeding of potassium perchlorate, which comprises a base, the inner wall of the base is fixedly connected with the outer wall of the bottom of a drying part, and the top of the drying part is fixedly connected with the bottom of a pretreatment part. The inner wall of the top of the pretreatment part is rotationally connected with the outer wall of the mixing part, the pretreatment barrel can be used for pretreating wet potassium perchlorate, the treated potassium perchlorate is directly discharged into the drying part through the feeding pipe, and the residence time of the materials in the conveying process is shortened, so that the production continuity and efficiency are ensured; meanwhile, wet potassium perchlorate can be fully mixed in the pretreatment barrel, a good foundation is provided for the subsequent drying process, due to the design of a water storage cavity and a heat exchange pipe, drying high-temperature gas is used for preheating materials, the equipment can conduct pretreatment while rapid feeding is achieved, the drying efficiency and the product quality are improved, and energy is saved.

The invention discloses a liquid gas energy rock breaking device energy increasing and transduction component which comprises a shell, carbon powder is arranged in the shell, an ignition bridge wire is arranged in the carbon powder, a pre-combustion enhancement layer is sprayed on the surface of the ignition bridge wire, the pre-combustion enhancement layer comprises potassium perchlorate and phenolic resin, and the mass ratio of the potassium perchlorate to the phenolic resin is 9: 1. The ignition bridge wire is led out of the shell through an ignition lead. The porosity of the carbon powder is greatly reduced through compaction treatment, the problems of caking and moisture absorption in a low-temperature (-100 DEG C or below) liquid gas environment are solved, the chemical property stability is improved by 60% or above compared with loose carbon powder, the ignition activity can still be kept under the extreme impact working condition, and the pain point that a traditional material is prone to failure is solved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of brine refining devices, and provides a brine refining device for potassium perchlorate production, which comprises an upper kettle body and a lower kettle body, the bottom of the lower kettle body is fixedly connected with four support legs which are distributed in a circular array, the top of the upper kettle body is fixedly connected with a paddle stirrer, and the paddle stirrer is fixedly connected with a rotary shaft. The output end of the paddle stirrer is rotatably arranged at the top end of the upper kettle body in a penetrating manner and extends into the lower kettle body, a first liquid outlet pipe is fixedly arranged at the bottom end of the outer side wall of the upper kettle body in a penetrating manner, a plurality of partition plate sliding frames which are distributed in a circular array manner are arranged between the upper kettle body and the lower kettle body, and every two adjacent partition plate sliding frames are fixedly connected. According to the technical scheme, the problem that the normal use of the plate-and-frame filter press is seriously influenced because the reaction kettle in the prior art generally does not have a precipitation separation function (namely, calcium and magnesium precipitates generated by the reaction are primarily settled and separated) and only saline water containing a large amount of precipitates after the reaction can be directly conveyed to a subsequent filter pressing process is solved.

The invention relates to a high-voltage-resistant electrolyte, a preparation method and application of the high-voltage-resistant electrolyte and a potassium ion battery. The electrolyte comprises electrolyte sylvite and an electrolyte solvent, the electrolyte potassium salt is one or more of potassium hexafluorophosphate, potassium tetrafluoroborate, potassium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, potassium trifluoromethanesulfonate, potassium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonyl imide, potassium nitrate and potassium perchlorate. The electrolyte provided by the invention is simple in manufacturing process and excellent in oxidation stability, and when the electrolyte is applied to the high-voltage potassium ion battery, a stable electrode-electrolyte interface can be formed by preferentially decomposing more anions under the condition that cyclic carbonate is not added as a film-forming cosolvent, so that the stability of the high-voltage potassium ion battery is improved. Therefore, the compatibility of the carbonic ester-based electrolyte with the positive and negative electrodes of the potassium ion battery is improved.

The invention discloses a micro-smoke type sulfur-free cycloalkane propellant which is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 70 parts of an oxidizing agent, 34 parts of a combustible agent, 6 parts of an adhesive, 2 parts of a stabilizing agent, 2 parts of an anti-aging agent, 1 part of a catalyst and 2 parts of a smoke suppressor, the components are uniformly mixed according to a common method, and the oxidizing agent is prepared from potassium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate and barium nitrate in a weight part ratio of 4: 9: 1; the combustible agent comprises smokeless charcoal, potassium hydrogen phthalate, nitrocellulose, 600-mesh purified terephthalic acid and hemp stalk carbon powder in a weight part ratio of 10: 4: 10: 5: 5; the adhesive adopts high-temperature-resistant phenolic resin; the stabilizing agent adopts calcium stearate; calcium phthalate is adopted as the anti-aging agent; basic cupric carbonate is adopted as the catalyst; the smoke suppressor adopts aluminum hydroxide. On the basis of keeping the advantages of the existing sulfur-free cycloalkane propellant, the smoke transmittance of the sulfur-free cycloalkane propellant is effectively improved.

The invention discloses a device and a process for deeply purifying and recycling wastewater in a potassium perchlorate preparation process, and belongs to the technical field of potassium perchlorate preparation devices and processes. The suspension separation mechanism comprises a first box body, an air cylinder is installed at the bottom of the first box body, a piston rod on the air cylinder extends to a push rod in the first box body, a first inclined plate and a second inclined plate are fixedly installed at the two ends of the push rod respectively, and an ejector rod is integrally formed and connected to the top of the first inclined plate; a filter plate arranged on the side wall of the first box body is arranged above the ejector rod, filter holes in the filter plate are connected with the ejector rod in a matched mode, and the filter plate is parallel to the first inclined plate. The technical problems that corresponding separation treatment work cannot be completed for suspended matter particles with different sizes in wastewater, crystals can be obtained only by corresponding manual cleaning work in the evaporative crystallization process of the wastewater, and the working efficiency is reduced can be solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of wastewater treatment, in particular to a potassium perchlorate preparation wastewater treatment device which comprises a condensation unit, a steam filtering unit, an evaporation unit and a scraper stirring unit. The scraper stirring unit is installed in the evaporation unit and comprises a rotary drum, multiple sets of scraping mechanisms and nozzles corresponding to the hinged positions of the scraping mechanisms are installed on the outer wall of the rotary drum, and an adjusting mechanism and a vibration mechanism are installed in the rotary drum. In the shutdown cleaning process of the device, the impact force of the nozzle is intermittently adjusted by adjusting the rotating speed of the rotating drum through the adjusting mechanism, the control cost is low, targeted flushing of the hinged position of the scraper arm is achieved, meanwhile, targeted vibration is conducted on the hinged position of the scraper arm in cooperation with the vibration mechanism, falling of crystals at the hinged position can be accelerated, and the cleaning efficiency is improved. The cleaning efficiency is improved.

The present application relates to the field of agricultural pesticides, in particular to a high-efficiency pesticide smoke agent composition, a preparation method and application thereof, solves the problem that different pesticides have different heat resistance, and the pesticide with poor heat resistance is easily affected by fuel when used in combination, thereby losing part of the activity, and the adhesion of the smoke agent is poor in an environment with high humidity, and the effect of preventing pests is poor due to the influence of ventilation, comprising 55-65 parts by weight of a heat supply agent and 20-30 parts by weight of a composite intercalation main agent, the composite intercalation main agent is composed of a nanosheet material, an active main agent and a smoke generating aid, the heat supply agent is composed of a stearate, a strong oxygen supply agent, a fuel and a smoke generating aid, and the strong oxygen supply agent is one of potassium perchlorate, potassium dichromate and sodium dichloroisocyanurate. When different pesticides with different heat resistance are used in combination, the present application can ensure good smoke effect while ensuring pesticide activity, and improve the adhesion of the pesticide smoke agent particles, which is not easily affected by ventilation and other operations.

An indicator system comprising permanganate, an organic reducing agent, an acid, and an inorganic perchlorate salt is provided herein. Methods for using the indicator system to monitor the integrity of a biospecimen are also provided. The systems and methods herein may provide easy-to-use, individual aliquot-level thawed-state indicators for indicating biospecimen time-temperature exposure.

The application provides a six-membered ring ether-based electrolyte, a preparation method, an application and a potassium ion battery, relates to the field of potassium ion batteries, and the six-membered ring ether-based electrolyte comprises an electrolyte potassium salt and an electrolyte solvent, wherein the electrolyte potassium salt comprises one or more of potassium hexafluorophosphate, potassium tetrafluoroborate, potassium bisfluorosulfonylimide, potassium triflate, potassium bis-trifluoromethylsulfonylimide, potassium nitrate and potassium perchlorate; and the electrolyte solvent is a six-membered ring ether. The electrolyte provided by the application solves the problem that the current potassium ion battery electrolyte cannot remain stable at high voltage and low voltage at the same time and continuously decomposes, thereby improving the cycle stability of the potassium ion battery and preparing a potassium ion battery that can maintain high energy density, high capacity retention rate and long cycle life.

The invention discloses a guanidine nitrate gas production drug for an airbag and a preparation method thereof, the guanidine nitrate gas production drug comprises the following components by mass percentage: 45%-49% of guanidine nitrate, 19%-21% of potassium perchlorate, 24%-26% of strontium nitrate, 3%-5% of copper oxide, 3%-5% of polyvinyl alcohol, and 0.3%-0.5% of free-flowing auxiliary materials, and the sum of the mass percentage of the components is 100%. The obtained gas production medicine is large in gas production rate, stable in combustion performance, small in residue amount and low in sensitivity, and a direction is provided for developing miniaturized safety airbags and improving essential safety of medicine manufacturing; the preparation method effectively ensures the product quality and stability in the production process.

The utility model discloses a potassium perchlorate crystallizing and drying all-in-one machine, which relates to the technical field of potassium perchlorate processing, and comprises a rack, the top of the rack is fixedly connected with a crystallizer assembly, in the potassium perchlorate crystallizing and drying all-in-one machine, crystals generated in the crystallizer assembly enter a crushing cylinder after being guided by a guide pipe I, and are crushed by two crushing rollers; the size of the crystals can be reduced through the crushing rollers, so that the overall drying speed is increased, hot air is introduced into the inner cylinder through the drying pipe, the crystals are dried during centrifugation, the crystals make full contact with the hot air for a long time, water residues in the crystals are reduced, and therefore the drying effect on the crystals is guaranteed; the distance between the connecting piece and the connecting frame can be adjusted through the electric push rod, the contact range of the cleaning ring and the inner wall of the inner cylinder is increased conveniently, the scraping effect on the inner wall of the inner cylinder is guaranteed, and adhesion of crystals to the inner wall of the inner cylinder is reduced.