233 results about "Perchlorate" patented technology

The invention discloses a perchlorate wastewater treatment method which comprises the following steps: discharging perchlorate wastewater into an adjusting tank, and adjusting and buffering water quality in the adjusting tank; discharging the adjusted wastewater into a coagulating basin, and adding a coagulant to react with suspended solids in the wastewater; feeding the wastewater subjected to the coagulation reaction into a sedimentation tank, and completing solid-liquid separation in the sedimentation tank; discharging the precipitate, and enabling the treated wastewater to enter a microbial catalysis tank; perchlorate in the treated wastewater is subjected to biodegradation in a microbial catalysis tank; carrying out MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor) treatment on the wastewater subjected to biodegradation, intercepting microorganisms in the wastewater in a biological catalysis tank, and discharging the wastewater which does not contain the microorganisms and is subjected to biodegradation into an RO (Reverse Osmosis) membrane treatment device; the wastewater is subjected to reverse osmosis treatment at the RO membrane treatment device, reverse osmosis concentrated water is conveyed to the biological catalysis tank, and reverse osmosis fresh water is conveyed back to the water purification tank. The biological enzyme catalysis and membrane separation method is adopted, so that the perchlorate wastewater can be discharged after reaching the standard, and the treatment process is efficient, convenient and low in cost.

The invention discloses a device and a process for recycling perchlorate in fireworks and crackers waste, the process comprises the steps of first-stage washing, first-stage solid-liquid separation, concentration, second-stage washing, second-stage solid-liquid separation and crystallization, the separation, recovery and resource utilization of the perchlorate, aluminum powder and other substances in solid waste can be realized, meanwhile, the waste residue is subjected to innocent treatment, and the recycling of the perchlorate in the fireworks and crackers is realized. The pollution to the environment is reduced; and in the crystallization step, a low-temperature evaporation space is divided into a plurality of units, and the negative effects of overhigh evaporation temperature and sudden temperature increase of perchlorate can be effectively avoided in a manner of changing positions of the cells.

The invention discloses a low-temperature zinc ion battery high-entropy eutectic electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the field of batteries, the electrolyte comprises a hydrogen bond donor, a hydrogen bond acceptor and a solvent; the hydrogen bond donor is at least one of methyl sulfonamide, thioformamide, butyramide, asparagine, tert-butylamine, dimethyl propane diamine, oxalyl diamine, benzamide, sulfamide and ethyl sulfonamide; the hydrogen bond receptor is at least one of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, methionine, zinc chloride, zinc perchlorate, zinc fluoborate and zinc acetate; the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor, and heating to convert a solid into a liquid phase; and adding a solvent, and uniformly mixing to obtain the product. The invention also provides a zinc ion battery containing the electrolyte. The high-entropy eutectic electrolyte has the beneficial effects that-NH2 and halogen or carboxyl form hydrogen bonds to perform eutectic reaction, the freezing point of the eutectic solution is lower than that of a reactant, and the solvent is added to improve the confusion degree of the electrolyte, so that the high-entropy eutectic electrolyte is prepared.

The invention relates to a method for synthesizing 1, 2-allene ketone, and discloses a method for synthesizing 1, 2-allene ketone by taking eneyne, 1, 4-dihydropyridine and benzoyl fluoride as substrates, 2, 4, 5, 6-tetra (diphenylamino)-isophthalonitrile as a photocatalyst, 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-3-(2, 6-diisopropyl phenyl)-4H-cycloheptyl thiazole perchlorate as N-heterocyclic carbene, cesium carbonate as alkali and acetonitrile as a solvent through a one-pot method. And reacting at room temperature for 4 hours under visible light of 12W and 460nm LED blue light to obtain allene ketone. The reaction conditions are mild, and the method has good functional group tolerance.

The present invention discloses a wide temperature range hydrated eutectic electrolyte and its application in aqueous zinc ion batteries. The wide temperature range hydrated eutectic electrolyte comprises a zinc salt, an alcohol organic solvent and an inorganic additive. The zinc salt is zinc perchlorate hexahydrate; the organic solvent is ethylene glycol; and the inorganic additive is an indium trichloride solution. The hydrated eutectic electrolyte prepared by the present invention enables aqueous zinc ion batteries to exhibit excellent electrochemical properties in a wide temperature range, can effectively inhibit the generation of side reactions such as dendrites and corrosion in aqueous zinc ion batteries, and thus prolong the service life of aqueous zinc ions in a wide temperature range.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical energy storage, and particularly relates to a low-temperature aqueous electrolyte for anchoring I < + > ions based on a double-coordination structure and a low-temperature four-electron aqueous zinc-iodine battery. The low-temperature aqueous electrolyte is a mixed solution of a zinc salt, an electrolyte additive and water, and the low-temperature aqueous electrolyte comprises 2-5 mol / L of the zinc salt and 0.3-0.6 mol / L of the electrolyte additive; the zinc salt is zinc perchlorate or zinc tetrafluoroborate. The low-temperature four-electron aqueous zinc-iodine battery comprises the low-temperature aqueous electrolyte. Compared with the prior art, the invention at least has the following beneficial effects: (1) the corrosion risk caused by chloride ion concentration is reduced; (2) efficient four-electron iodine positive electrode reaction is realized; and (3) obtaining the low-temperature four-electron aqueous zinc-iodine battery.

The invention provides a preparation method of a wide-temperature-range high-capacity cascade aqueous zinc-iodine battery and the aqueous zinc-iodine battery, and belongs to the technical field of aqueous zinc ion batteries, the preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving zinc perchlorate, bacterial cellulose, acrylamide, 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide, a cross-linking agent and an initiator in water together to obtain a mixed solution; and carrying out polymerization reaction on the mixed solution at 60-80 DEG C to obtain the bromine-rich polycation hydrogel electrolyte, an iodine composite material is used as a positive electrode, metal zinc is used as a negative electrode, the bromine-rich polycation hydrogel electrolyte is used as an electrolyte, and the aqueous zinc-iodine battery is assembled. The aqueous zinc-iodine battery prepared by the method has extremely high specific capacity and excellent cycle performance in a wide temperature range from-50 DEG C to 50 DEG C.

The disclosure relates to a method of producing a multi-metal catalyst film and of producing a reactor system for catalytic removal of a wide variety of contaminants (for example, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, chlorate, chromate, selenate, chlorophenols, 2,4-D, dicamba, atrazine, trichloroacetic acid, bromochloroiodomethane, NDMA, TCE, TCA, chloroform, freons, RDX, HMX, TNT, PFOA, and PFOS) from water and wastewater. The disclosure also relates to a method of using the multi-metal catalyst for the removal of such contaminants and a system comprising the multi-metal catalyst film for removing such contaminants.

The invention provides modified activated carbon for removing perchlorate in water of a sheep farm and a preparation method of the modified activated carbon, and relates to the field of water treatment.The method comprises the steps that activated carbon reacts in a citric acid aqueous solution, a carboxyl layer is evenly loaded on the surface of the activated carbon, and preliminarily modified activated carbon is obtained; reacting the primarily modified activated carbon in an alkaline polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride aqueous solution, and adsorbing strong cation quaternary ammonium salt on the surface of a carboxyl layer through electrostatic interaction to obtain re-modified activated carbon; the activated carbon modified again reacts in a triethylene tetramine aqueous solution, triethylene tetramine molecules are further combined to the strong cation quaternary ammonium salt through the electrostatic adsorption effect, the modified activated carbon for removing perchlorate in the water of the sheep farm is obtained, the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon to negatively charged solutes is remarkably enhanced, and the perchlorate in the water of the sheep farm is removed. The perchlorate treatment efficiency of the whole farm environment is improved.

The invention provides a hydrated eutectic electrolyte as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The electrolyte comprises water-soluble zinc salt, deionized water and a deep eutectic solution, the deep eutectic solution is formed by mixing zinc perchlorate and a polar deep eutectic solvent and performing deep eutectic crystallization. The electrolyte has the characteristics of low water activity, low freezing point and efficient induction of uniform deposition of zinc, can be compatible with an iodine-loaded positive electrode and can inhibit dissolution of iodine, and the characteristics are beneficial to inhibition of hydrogen evolution reaction, polyiodine shuttling and other side reactions in the battery circulation process, promote uniform deposition of zinc, protect the integrity of an iodine electrode, and improve the electrochemical performance of the battery. The stable operation of the zinc-iodine battery is ensured; the electrolyte is a zinc sulfate solution containing a ZnClO4 / dimethyl sulfoxide deep eutectic solvent, the solution is combined with free water to form a eutectic structure, the eutectic structure participates in construction of a Zn < 2 + > ion solvation shell, extra intramolecular hydrogen bonds are introduced for the electrolyte, meanwhile, hydrogen bonds among water molecules are weakened, so that the internal energy of the electrolyte is enhanced, the freezing point is reduced, and the flowability is improved.

The invention discloses a method for efficiently removing perchlorate in wastewater based on quaternary ammonium salt assisted ultrafiltration, which comprises the following steps: adding quaternary ammonium salt with the carbon chain length of C12-C16 into perchlorate wastewater, enabling quaternary ammonium cations and perchlorate to form nanoscale floc through hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic attraction and Van der Waals force, and filtering through an ultrafiltration membrane to obtain the perchlorate. The high-selectivity and high-efficiency removal of the perchlorate in the wastewater is realized. The method is simple and convenient to operate, can be completed only by adding trace quaternary ammonium salt and combining the trace quaternary ammonium salt with a conventional ultrafiltration process, does not need complex equipment or a regeneration process, avoids the problem of secondary pollution caused by an adsorption material, and is remarkably improved in environmental friendliness. Meanwhile, the composite material also has good anti-anion interference capability and low flux attenuation. The method is wide in material source, low in cost, easy and convenient to operate, free of regeneration, low in operation cost and free of secondary waste, has good engineering popularization potential and is particularly suitable for on-site rapid treatment and large-scale application of perchlorate wastewater.

The invention provides a medicament for treating wastewater containing perchlorate, which consists of two parts, namely a targeted remover and a guide activator, the core components of the targeted remover comprise dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and the like. The guiding activating agent comprises one or more of polyferric sulfate, polyferric chloride, polyaluminum ferric chloride and polyaluminum ferric silicate. The treatment agent is simple in component, a large number of perchlorate-loving ion groups contained in the treatment agent can be fully combined with perchlorate in wastewater, the perchlorate is separated out from water in a precipitation mode and then is separated and removed, and the one-step removal rate reaches 95% or above.

The invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and particularly discloses treatment equipment for stable treatment of perchlorate wastewater, the treatment equipment comprises a box body, a flow induction type driving mechanism, a self-adaptive backwashing mechanism and a compensation type water inlet mechanism, and the compensation type water inlet mechanism is arranged in the box body. The liquid level height can be sensed through the floating plate, so that the actual size of the buffer water inlet valve is adjusted; and the water inlet speed of the precise filtering area is kept within a certain range in a negative feedback regulation mode. Moreover, in order to ensure that the water pressure in the front filtering area can drive the self-adaptive backwashing mechanism, the invention also creatively provides a flow induction type driving mechanism, and the self-adaptive backwashing mechanism is driven through a structure similar to a hydraulic motor; in addition, through guiding of the liquid guiding shell, liquid used for back flushing in the piston box can be automatically supplemented.

The invention discloses a firework and cracker hazardous waste recovery treatment method and system, and the method comprises the following steps: a wastewater treatment step: the wastewater treatment step comprises a chemical precipitation step, an A2O biochemical treatment step, a Fenton oxidation step and a BAF biological filter step, and perchlorate, COD and heavy metal are removed; the waste residue treatment step comprises a wet grinding step, a high-temperature digestion step, a flotation step, a hydraulic cyclone separation step, a wet leaching step and a fractional precipitation step, and carbon powder, titanium, barium, aluminum and magnesium resources are recycled; according to a synergistic coupling mechanism, bottom slag generated in the wastewater treatment step is conveyed to the waste slag treatment step for treatment, and filtrate generated in the waste slag treatment step is conveyed to the wastewater treatment step for treatment. The method is used for carrying out harmless treatment and resource recycling on the hazardous wastes of the fireworks and crackers.

The present invention discloses an adsorbent for removing perchlorate from water, and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of water quality detection and treatment. The preparation method proposed in the present invention mainly includes the following steps: S1, preparing TAm; S2, preparing (4-bromononyl) triethylammonium bromide; S3, preparing COF1; S4, removing COF from perchlorate. Based on the above preparation method, the present invention further protects the adsorbent material prepared by the above method and the application of the material in the removal of perchlorate from water. Compared with the prior art, the preparation process of the present invention is simpler and more efficient; the present invention creatively utilizes the prepared adsorbent to carry out orderly arrangement of quaternary ammonium groups and excellent adjustment of hydrophobicity, so that the material has extremely high adsorption capacity, adsorption speed and extremely high selectivity for perchlorate.

The invention provides a perchlorate wastewater treatment agent which consists of two parts, namely a targeted remover and a guide activator, the core components of the targeted remover comprise octyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, trioctyl methyl ammonium chloride, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, decyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, dodecyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and the like. The guiding activating agent comprises one or more of polyferric sulfate, polyferric chloride, polyaluminum ferric chloride and polyaluminum ferric silicate. The treatment agent is simple in component, a large number of perchlorate-loving ion groups contained in the treatment agent can be fully combined with perchlorate in wastewater, the perchlorate is separated out from water in a precipitation mode and then is separated and removed, and the one-step removal rate reaches 95% or above.

The invention discloses an ion selective electrode for detecting perchlorate and a preparation method thereof. The invention first synthesizes a perchlorate ion carrier, specifically dichlorophosphorus tetraphenylporphyrin, using a pyridine solution of tetraphenylporphyrin, POCl3, and PCl5 as raw materials; then dichlorophosphorus tetraphenylporphyrin, an ion exchanger, specifically tetraoctylammonium chloride, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and a plasticizer, specifically dibutyl phthalate, as raw materials, after a mixed reaction, the resulting reaction product is coated on the surface of an Mxene modified electrode to obtain an Mxene / ISE membrane electrode; finally, an Mxene / ISE membrane / Mxene‑py electrode is prepared. The results show that the composite electrode assembled with the electrode as an ion selective electrode has extremely strong selectivity for perchlorate, and at the same time, the response time is extremely fast, and sensitive and rapid detection of perchlorate under complex water conditions can be achieved. The ion selective electrode prepared by the present invention has the characteristics of low detection limit, strong anti-interference ability, and low cost in detecting perchlorate.

The invention provides a 1, 3, 4-oxadiazino tetrahydroisoquinoline compound as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of heterocyclic compounds for medicines. The method comprises the following steps: by taking an azomethine imine substrate and a styrene oxide substrate as raw materials and cobalt perchlorate hexahydrate as a catalyst, adding the raw materials and the catalyst into a reaction solvent, reacting overnight at normal temperature, and performing column separation to obtain the 1, 3, 4-oxadiazino tetrahydroisoquinoline compound. According to the application, the reaction condition is mild, the selectivity is high, excellent cytotoxicity is shown on HeLa cervical cancer cells and A549 lung cancer cells, the half death inhibition ratio (IC50) value on tumor cells reaches the nanomole level, and the application has a good anti-cancer drug application prospect.

The invention discloses a nitrogen-rich energetic ionic salt compound based on bis-(5-aminotetrazole) boron. The nitrogen-rich energetic ionic salt compound comprises bis-(5-aminotetrazole) boric acid guanidine salt (I), bis-(5-aminotetrazole) boric acid aminoguanidine salt (II) and bis-(5-aminotetrazole) borane perchlorate (III), the structural formulas of the compounds are shown as (I)-(III). The compound can be used for mixed explosives and fuel-rich propellants.

The invention discloses a perchlorate selective electrode based on an electron / ion dual-channel material and a preparation method of the perchlorate selective electrode. The electron / ion dual-channel material is synthesized by polymerizing part of polypyrrole on the surface of Mxene and introducing long-chain alkyl substituted quaternary ammonium salt, and the material combines the dual-channel characteristics of ion enrichment and conductivity, and can significantly improve the perchlorate detection capability. Experimental results show that a perchlorate selective electrode made of the dual-channel material shows extremely high selectivity and ultra-low detection limit recognition on perchlorate, the lowest detection limit can reach 12.4 mu g / L, meanwhile, the response time is extremely short (-4s), and therefore sensitive and rapid detection on the perchlorate under the complex water body condition can be achieved. The perchlorate selective electrode provided by the invention has the characteristics of wide detection linear range, low detection limit, strong anti-interference capability, simplicity in operation, high efficiency, rapidness, low cost and the like when being used for detecting perchlorate. Therefore, the method has a wide application prospect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrolyzed water, and particularly relates to an electrolyte additive for improving the reaction performance of electrolyzed water, an electrolyte, an electrolyte solution and a method for improving the reaction performance of electrolyzed water. The additive comprises nonmetal oxosalts (sulfate, phosphate, borate, selenate, silicate, carbonate, perchlorate, trifluoroacetate and the like) and an aqueous solution of the nonmetal oxosalts, and is used as an electrolyte additive for water electrolysis reaction with KOH or NaOH as an electrolyte. The invention provides application of oxysalt to improvement of oxygen evolution activity and stability of electrolyzed water. In particular, the device is also suitable for electrolytic reactions carried out at high and low temperatures. Due to the addition of the oxysalt, the oxygen evolution reaction potential is reduced, the charge transfer resistance is reduced, the electron transmission rate is increased, and relatively high chemical reaction kinetics is achieved, so that the reaction activity is favorably improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of adsorption materials, and particularly relates to a hydroxyl-free lead dioxide-based nitric oxide absorbent and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a mixed solution of perchloric acid and lead perchlorate, standing to form a saturated solution, and performing electrodeposition by using the saturated solution as an electrolyte to obtain a lead dioxide deposition layer; and cleaning, drying and crushing the sediments, drying the sediments in an air dry oven with an air exchange function, and calcining the sediments at high temperature to form a target product. The obtained absorbent has the characteristics of hydroxyl-free structure, nanoscale particle size, high porosity, excellent adsorption performance and the like. Test results show that the absorbent has good selective adsorption capacity on NO2, and the adsorption efficiency can reach 85% or above. The material is suitable for nitrogen oxide interference absorption in the determination process of the hydrocarbon content in coal, and has important application value.

The invention discloses an anti-perovskite material. In particular to a perchlorate-doped modified anti-perovskite material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The anti-perovskite material has efficient quantum luminescence efficiency, has a wide application prospect in the photoelectric field, is high in conductivity, and has a wide application prospect in a solid electrolyte material of a solid-state lithium battery.

A method of treating a subterranean formation by contacting the formation with the following (a) ammonium bicarbonate; (b) an oxidizing agent selected from a perchlorate or a nitrite or combinations thereof; and (c) an acid (AA).

The invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater treatment, and provides a method for treating wastewater containing perchlorate, which comprises the following steps of: adding mixed quaternary ammonium salt into the wastewater, reacting the mixed quaternary ammonium salt with the perchlorate in the industrial wastewater to generate perchlorate quaternary ammonium salt precipitate, and filtering to remove the perchlorate quaternary ammonium salt in the wastewater to realize the enrichment of the perchlorate, the perchlorate in the industrial wastewater can be reduced to 0.02 mg / L or below. According to the process provided by the invention, the perchlorate in the wastewater is directly recycled in the form of the perchlorate quaternary ammonium salt precipitate, and the recycled perchlorate quaternary ammonium salt precipitate can be used as an oxidant for producing fireworks, so that the perchlorate quaternary ammonium salt is reused, and high-added-value recycling is realized.

The utility model discloses a perchlorate wastewater purification treatment device, which comprises a reduction tank for carrying out biochemical reduction treatment on bacteria, an oxidation tank for carrying out biochemical oxidation treatment on bacteria, a sedimentation tank and a clean water tank, and the reduction tank, the oxidation tank, the sedimentation tank and the clean water tank are sequentially communicated. The device comprises a reduction tank for carrying out biochemical reduction treatment on bacteria, an oxidation tank for carrying out biochemical oxidation treatment on the bacteria, a sedimentation tank and a clean water tank which are communicated in sequence, low-cost and high-efficiency treatment of perchlorate can be realized through a combination mode of'bacterial biochemical reduction-bacterial biochemical oxidation-precipitation ', and the process is simple.

The utility model discloses integrated perchlorate treatment equipment which comprises a water storage tank connected with a sewage discharge pipe, a lifting pump is arranged in the water storage tank, and an integral box shell is arranged at the output end of the lifting pump. The middle water tank, the quartz sand filter, the activated carbon filter, the ion exchanger, the pipeline mixer, the precision filter and the two-stage reverse osmosis structure are arranged in the integral box shell and are connected with the output end of the air flotation machine; the bottom end of the air flotation machine is connected with a sludge box through a guide pipe; a plate filter press is arranged at the output end of the sludge box; a plurality of medicament storage tanks are further arranged and are respectively connected with the reservoir, the air flotation machine, the ion exchanger and the pipeline mixer through output pipes. The device disclosed by the utility model is reasonable in structural arrangement, can avoid external interference, is beneficial to improving the overall safety performance, prolongs the service life of the overall structure, does not cause material waste, improves the sewage treatment efficiency, has few byproducts and reduces the treatment cost.

The present invention discloses a method and application for removing perchlorate contamination from water bodies using agricultural waste. This method uses activated sludge and agricultural waste, or activated sludge, vegetable oil, and agricultural waste, to treat perchlorate-contaminated water bodies, using at least one of static and dynamic treatment methods. This method has the following advantages: waste recycling, turning waste into valuable resources; low cost and simple process; bioremediation without secondary pollution; and simultaneous achievement of multiple benefits, achieving multiple goals at once. Therefore, this method has broad application prospects in the treatment of perchlorate-contaminated water bodies.

The present invention discloses a device and process for recycling perchlorate in fireworks and firecracker waste, comprising the steps of primary water washing, primary solid-liquid separation, concentration, secondary water washing, secondary solid-liquid separation and crystallization. The device can achieve the separation, recycling and resource utilization of perchlorate, aluminum powder and other substances in the solid waste, while simultaneously performing harmless treatment on the waste residue to reduce pollution to the environment. In the crystallization step, the low-temperature evaporation space is divided into a plurality of units, and the position of the units is changed to effectively avoid the negative effects of excessively high evaporation temperature and sudden temperature increase of the perchlorate.

A heat stabilizer additive for reducing thermal degradation and / or surface resistivity of plasticized PVC compounds comprising: 1.0-25.0 wt % of a carbodiimide; and 75.0-99.0 wt % of a heat stabilizer comprising: (1) zinc-containing component selected from neutral or overbased zinc salts of C1-C24 linear, branched, cyclic aliphatic or aromatic organic acids, zinc diketonates, zinc alcoholates, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, zinc phosphite, zinc perchlorate, zinc carbonate and mixtures thereof, or metal-free nitrogen-containing compounds selected from thiourea, triethanolamine, 6-amino-1,3-dimethyl-uracil, 6-amino-1,3-di-n-propyl-uracil, 6-amino-1,3-di-n-butyl-uracil, 6-amino-1,3-diethyl-thiouracil, 6-amino-1,3-di-n-butyl-thiouracil or mixtures thereof, and optionally (2) co-stabilizers selected from hydrotalcites, zeolites, nitrogen-containing compounds, organic phosphite esters, diketones, and mixed metal compounds; and polymer compounds comprising: 30.0-89.0 wt % of a PVC homopolymer or PVC copolymer; 10.0-69.0 wt % of a primary plasticizer comprising an epoxidized natural oil or it's blends with epoxidized fatty acid monoesters; 0.01-5.0 wt % of the carbodiimide; and 0.3-5.0 wt % of the heat stabilizer.