98 results about "Electrochemical electrode" patented technology

The invention relates to a wearable sensing device for sweat calcium ion detection. The wearable sensing device comprises a micro-fluidic chip and a signal processing and transmission module which can be matched with the sensing chip and is used for signal transmission and data processing, the micro-fluidic chip comprises a Janus fabric layer, a channel layer and a chip cover layer printed with an electrochemical electrode which are sequentially arranged in an attached manner; rapid sweat sampling and concentration refreshing can be realized, and the concentration of calcium ions in sweat can be directly and selectively measured; and the signal processing and transmission module is electrically connected with an electrochemical electrode for detecting the calcium ion concentration in the micro-fluidic chip and is used for data processing and transmission. By using a micro-fluidic chip, sweat secreted by skin continuously flows through an interface of the electrochemical sensor, so that the concentration of calcium ions in the sweat can be detected in real time; the sweat sample is small in size, detected sweat can be rapidly discharged through the micro-channel and the waste liquid discharging area, sweat accumulation is avoided, and the testing accuracy is guaranteed.

The invention relates to the related technical field of electrochemical electrodes, and discloses a preparation process and a use method of an electrochemical composite electrode, and the preparation process comprises the following steps: S1, weighing a certain amount of materials according to a mass ratio of a piezoelectric material to PVDF (or P (VDF-TrFE)) of 1: 20-4: 1, dissolving and dispersing in N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding PVDF (or P (VDF-TrFE)) into a mixture of one or more polar organic liquids such as N, N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and the like, stirring or ultrasonically dispersing uniformly to prepare a PVDF (or P (VDF-TrFE)) solution with the mass percent of 5-20%; the composite electrode provided by the invention is low in production cost, simple in preparation method and easy to amplify to realize industrial production, the electro-catalytic performance of the composite electrode in circulating water treatment is remarkably improved through an optimized heat treatment process, and the electrode shows higher electrochemical efficiency in treatment of industrial wastewater containing high-concentration organic pollutants and has good application prospects. And the service life is prolonged to 6000 hours, and is prolonged by 20% compared with the service life of a traditional electrode.

The invention relates to the technical field of molten salt electrochemical electrode materials, in particular to a single-hole Ag / Ag2S reference electrode for chloride molten salt. The reference electrode structurally comprises an electrode shell made of a quartz material; a micron-sized single hole is formed in the bottom of the electrode shell; a reference inner solution is contained in the electrode shell; a spiral silver wire plated with an Ag2S plating layer is arranged in the electrode shell, the spiral silver wire is partially immersed in the reference inner liquid, and the tail end of the part, not in contact with the reference inner liquid, of the spiral silver wire is connected with a metal lead. The Ag / Ag < + > reference electrode for the chloride molten salt system is high in stability, good in reproducibility, high in consistency, capable of being repeatedly used, rapid in response and easy to prepare, is suitable for high-temperature chloride molten salt, the applicable temperature is 300-800 DEG C, and molten salt electrochemical testing and research can be stably and reliably carried out.

The invention discloses a phenazine-based electrochemical electrode material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The phenazine-based electrochemical electrode material is an organic small molecule material or an organic polymer which contains nitrogen, has a conjugated structure and can be subjected to electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction. The phenazine-based electrochemical electrode material disclosed by the invention can be applied to selective separation and extraction of ions, can be used for selective extraction and separation of target ions in a multi-ion complex solution, and can be used for extracting valuable element ions step by step at high performance; the extraction method has the advantages of high ion extraction capacity, low cost, simple process and high element separation and extraction efficiency, is environment-friendly, can realize efficient development and comprehensive utilization in the fields of salt lake resources, marine resources, industrial sewage and wastewater recycling, seawater desalination and the like, and has a better industrialization prospect.

The invention discloses an AI-enabled real-time electrochemical detection system, which is composed of a real-time electrochemical detection module and an embedded AI data processing and analysis module, the real-time electrochemical detection module comprises an electrochemical electrode system, a sample pool and an electrochemical workstation, the surface of a working electrode is modified with a probe of a specific recognition target, and when the probe is combined with the target, the probe of the specific recognition target can be detected by the embedded AI data processing and analysis module. The working electrode interface charge transfer impedance changes in real time to generate a dynamic electric signal, and the electrochemical workstation provides electric input and collects the signal; the embedded AI data processing and analysis module is used for denoising the dynamic electric signals through an adaptive filtering algorithm based on wavelet transform, extracting time-frequency domain joint features through a 1D-CNN and LSTM mixed deep learning model, and establishing a nonlinear mapping relation between the signals and target concentration. Through AI enabling electrochemical detection, the defects of low time efficiency, large error and low information utilization rate of the traditional technology are comprehensively overcome, and an innovative solution is provided for high-precision, rapid and anti-interference target substance detection.

The invention relates to an electrochemical electrode assembly for an electrochemical storage cell, comprising a sequence of layers comprising at least a first electrode (10), a second electrode (20), and a separator layer (30) arranged between the first and second electrode (10, 20). The separator layer (30) has an elastic and porous material into which an electrolyte is incorporated and which is reversibly deformable under the effect of a pressure exerted by one of the electrodes depending on the state of charge.

To provide: a transition metal based electrochemical electrode catalyst available for carbon dioxide reduction that improves price competitiveness with better activity than noble metal catalysts such as Ag / C; a production method thereof; an electrode for carbon dioxide reduction reaction containing the catalyst; and a carbon dioxide reduction system including the catalyst.SOLUTION: An electrode catalyst comprises: a support comprising a nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructure; and Ni and Fe in the form of single atoms each supported on the support, where the Ni is bonded to four surrounding nitrogen atoms while the Fe is bonded to five surrounding nitrogen atoms, and where the Ni and Fe at the respective sites are adjacent to each other and are indirectly linked to each other via nitrogen, thereby forming an active site. The electrode catalyst exhibits high carbon monoxide selectivity and current density under a low overpotential condition during reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

A method for preparing a CuO / Cu2O modified graphene flexible sweat glucose sensor, the invention belongs to the field of wearable electrochemical sensors. The invention is to solve the technical problem that the activity of bioactive substances such as enzymes will be affected by environmental factors such as temperature and pH, resulting in insufficient sensitivity and stability of the existing traditional enzyme-containing biosensors. Methods: 1. Preparation of CuO / Cu2O modified materials; 2. Preparation of reduced graphene oxide; 3. Preparation of electrochemical electrodes; 4. Preparation of microheaters; 5. Cu x Coating of O / RGO composite material; Sixth, assembly of sensor. The present invention prepares the synthetic Cu x The O / RGO composite material uses Cu as a working electrode, which has the advantages of good contact between the electrode active material and the conductive Cu substrate and low cost. The sensor prepared by the present invention is used to detect glucose.

Provided is a ceramic heater in which damage due to temperature distribution of center cooling is less likely to occur without impairing the function of an RF / ESC electrode. The ceramic heater comprises: a ceramic plate having a first surface on which a wafer is placed and a second surface which faces the first surface; a first RF / ESC electrode which is embedded in the ceramic plate in parallel to the first surface; a second RF / ESC electrode which is electrically connected to the first RF / ESC electrode and is embedded in parallel to the first surface at a depth position, in the ceramic plate, apart further from the first surface as compared to the first RF / ESC electrode; an RF / ESC rod which has one end electrically connected to the second RF / ESC electrode and the other end extending to the outside of the ceramic plate from the second surface; an RF / ESC terminal hole which is a bottomed hole provided from the second surface of the ceramic plate toward the second RF / ESC electrode in the thickness direction and to which the tip portion of the RF / ESC rod is inserted; and a heater circuit which is embedded at a depth position, in the ceramic plate, closer to the second surface as compared to the second RF / ESC electrode. The distance between the center lines of the first RF / ESC electrode and the second RF / ESC electrode is 2-7 mm. The distance from the first surface to the bottom of the RF / ESC terminal hole is 4-9 mm.

The invention discloses an ionic conductive hydrogel material as well as a preparation method and application thereof in an electrochemical electrode. The ionic conductive hydrogel material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: a nonionic water-soluble polymer, a water-soluble ionic polymer, a cross-linking agent, an initiator and a water-retaining agent. After the ionic conductive hydrogel is processed into a certain shape and soaked in a conductive ionic solution, the ionic conductive hydrogel can be used as a solid electrolyte to construct an electrochemical electrode suitable for on-site coating detection. The ionic conductive hydrogel disclosed by the invention has the advantages of optimal ionic conductivity, necessary mechanical property and mechanical stability, controllable swelling ratio and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability. The ionic conductive hydrogel is applied to an electrochemical electrode as a solid electrolyte, and high-concentration electrolytic active substances, namely conductive ions, are allowed to freely move in the hydrogel, so that the ionic conductivity of the hydrogel electrolyte is improved, and the reliability of the electrochemical electrode is ensured.

A bio-electrochemical electrode current control system for improving the performance of bio-electrochemical systems is provided. The system comprises at least a pair of bio- electrochemical electrodes disposed inside a vessel of a bio-electrochemical system. The bio- electrochemical electrodes have a large surface area in contact with an operating fluid disposed in the vessel. An electric power source is operatively connected to each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes such that in operation the bio- electrochemical electrodes of each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes have a polarity corresponding to one anode and one cathode. A polarity switching circuitry is interposed between the electric power source and each pair of the at least a pair of bio- electrochemical electrodes for simultaneously switching the polarity of the bio- electrochemical electrodes of each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes. A processor is operatively connected to the polarity switching circuitry. The processor is adapted for controlling the polarity switch such that the polarity is repeatedly switched after elapse of a preset switching time interval greater than about one second. In operation, the operating fluid is bio-electrochemically processed while the electric current is provided to each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes such that the polarity of the bio-electrochemical electrodes of each pair of the at least a pair of bio- electrochemical electrodes is repeatedly switched.

To provide a novel catalyst layer (CL) composition and a structure that provide excellent durability and sustained catalyst performance for contemplated large vehicle applications.SOLUTION: A CL composition and a structure include: an internal composition composed of binder-coated nanoparticles, binder-free catalyst nanoparticles, and regular electrical, ionic, gas, and liquid pathways; a multilayer structure with different packing densities between multiple sub-layers; and an external pattern of an outer surface of the CL. An improvement in CL durability and catalyst performance is achieved, and by using the CL of the present invention, a novel solid electrolytic plating process is demonstrated and a novel thin film coating catalyst product is obtained. The binder-coated nanoparticles function as interconnecting substrates or sites to which nanoparticles that are not coated on their binder-coated surface are adhesively attached, and achieve a regular structure in which the binder-free catalyst nanoparticles are consistently interspersed between the binder-coated nanoparticles and their aggregates.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

The invention belongs to the field of mercury ion detection, and provides a mercury ion detection electrochemical sensor, a preparation method thereof and a mercury ion detection method. The mercury ion detection electrochemical sensor is composed of a basic electrochemical electrode, a vertical mesoporous silica nano-channel film uniformly deposited on a sensing interface of the basic electrochemical electrode, and mercury ion recognition molecules connected to the nano-channel film, the mercury ion recognition molecules are connected to the surface of the nano-channel membrane and in the nano-channel through a silane coupling agent; the mercury ion recognition molecule is 1-(6-(hydroxymethyl)-2, 2-dimethyl tetrahydrofuran [3, 4-d] [1, 3] dioxacyclo-4-yl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2, 4 (1H, 3H)-diketone. According to the invention, the specific recognition capability of the existing electrochemical sensor on the mercury ions can be enhanced, the preparation difficulty and the preparation cost are reduced, and convenient, low-cost, high-efficiency and high-selectivity detection of the mercury ions is realized.

The invention provides a preparation method of a two-dimensional tin oxide nano array for a photoelectrochemical electrode. The preparation method comprises the following steps: step 1, dissolving SnCl4. 5H2O and CH3CSNH2 in a mixed solvent of absolute ethyl alcohol and water to prepare a precursor solution; 2, placing the cleaned FTO substrate in a reaction container with the front face facing downwards, adding a precursor solution, and then sealing a reaction system; step 3, putting the container filled with the reactant obtained in the step 2 into a drying oven for reaction; after the reaction is finished, cooling to room temperature, washing and drying to obtain an impurity-removed sample; and 4, putting the sample subjected to impurity removal into a muffle furnace for annealing, cooling to room temperature, and taking out to obtain a white two-dimensional SnO2 nanosheet array film. The preparation method is simple, convenient and universal, additional materials such as additives are not needed, the prepared two-dimensional tin oxide nanosheet array has the advantages of being large in specific surface area and good in stability, and a high-quality and efficient transmission channel can be provided for electron transmission.

The invention provides a self-breathing anti-scaling cathode, a preparation method, an electrolytic bath and application of the electrolytic bath, and belongs to the technical field of electrochemical electrodes. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a carbon substrate and a catalyst precursor solution, and carrying out first calcination on the mixed solution under a protective atmosphere to obtain an anti-scaling cathode; and the anti-scaling cathode is sprayed with a water repellent agent and then subjected to second calcination in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, and the self-breathing type anti-scaling cathode is obtained. On one hand, the oxygen mass transfer efficiency is improved through the self-breathing anti-scaling cathode, deposition of divalent ions such as Ca < 2 + > and Mg < 2 + > is inhibited, the generation capacity of hydrogen peroxide is remarkably enhanced, and the long-term operation stability is improved; on the other hand, a spatial hydrophobic microenvironment is provided, and the yield of H2O2 is increased under the condition that external air ventilation is not needed; meanwhile, due to the design of the hydrophobic anode, decomposition of H2O2 at the anode is reduced, and efficient and stable electrosynthesis of H2O2 for pollutant degradation is realized.

The invention provides an electrochemical electrode for detecting hydrogen peroxide concentration and a detection device and method thereof. The device comprises a rotating electrode, a static electrode and a reference electrode, the rotating electrode comprises a driving motor, a rotating rod and a rotating body which are connected in sequence, a first current collector is arranged in the rotating body, and a detection electrode is embedded in the bottom of the rotating body; the static electrode comprises an insulating shell, a second current collector and a counter electrode, the second current collector is arranged in the insulating shell, and the counter electrode is embedded in the top of the insulating shell and is arranged right below the detection electrode in parallel. The invention also provides a hydrogen peroxide concentration detection device provided with the electrochemical electrode and a method for detecting the hydrogen peroxide concentration on the detection device. In the hydrogen peroxide concentration detection process, the hydrogen peroxide concentration on the surface of the detection electrode is kept relatively stable and is close to the concentration of the whole hydrogen peroxide solution, the detection result error is small, the reproducibility is good, the detection limit is low, the detection range is large, and the detection efficiency is high.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical electrode materials, and particularly relates to a multilevel structure bismuth oxide-cuprous oxide composite electrode and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the following steps that 1, nano-copper powder and a polymer binder are added into an organic solvent to be mixed, and a porous copper substrate electrode is obtained through stirring, casting, drying and cutting; (2) taking the porous copper substrate electrode as a working electrode, carrying out constant-current anodic oxidation in an alkaline solution, and carrying out in-situ growth to form a Cu (OH) 2 nanowire; (3) under the protection of inert gas, carrying out heat treatment on the Cu (OH) 2 nanowire to convert the Cu (OH) 2 nanowire into Cu2O, and coating a conductive substrate with the Cu2O to form a Cu2O electrode; and (4) performing constant-potential electrodeposition in an electrolyte containing Bi < 3 + > by taking the Cu2O electrode as a working electrode to obtain the bismuth oxide-cuprous oxide composite electrode. Bi2O3 is deposited on a Cu2O substrate, and an interface synergistic effect is generated.

An electrochemical electrode assembly having micro / nano-scale characteristics, in particular at least one micro / nano-scale working electrode "active" surface, for selective oxidation / reduction of a target analyte or reaction products thereof. The working electrode includes a surface area that is minimal relative to the surface area size of the surrounding insulating material surface such that a target analyte in a biological fluid (e.g., blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, etc.) needs to diffuse across at least one region of the insulating surface toward the working electrode surface.

This invention discloses a carbon monoxide sensor and its filter preparation method. The filter comprises an activated carbon cloth layer and a thin film layer formed by slurry printing; the slurry contains, by mass, 20-60 parts of metal oxide, 5-10 parts of binder, 8-15 parts of dispersant, 40-80 parts of carrier, and 50-80 parts of solvent. In the preparation process, the metal oxide and dispersant are first mixed in ultrapure water, dried at 135°C, and crushed. Then, the mixture is ball-milled with the binder, carrier, and solvent to obtain the slurry. Finally, the slurry is printed onto a breathable substrate using a steel mesh or screen printing process to form a film. This sensor utilizes the activated carbon cloth to preferentially adsorb most organic vapors. Simultaneously, the metal oxide, after modification with the dispersant, has increased surface active sites, which can further catalyze the oxidation or chemical adsorption of residual organic vapors, effectively suppressing their poisoning or cross-interference on the electrochemical electrode. The printed thin film is dense and uniform, and combined with the ball milling composite process, it significantly improves the resistance to organic vapor interference, ensuring the selectivity and long-term stability of CO detection.

A measurement method and system (10) and a related apparatus. The method is applied to a first electronic device (200); the first electronic device (200) comprises a first temperature detection element (305) and a first sensor (307); the first sensor (307) comprises a first temperature electrode and a first electrochemical electrode; the first temperature detection element (305) is connected to the first temperature electrode; and the method comprises: when a part of the first temperature electrode and a part of the first electrochemical electrode are implanted into the subcutaneous tissue, detecting a first temperature on the first temperature electrode by means of the first temperature detection element (305) (S1001); detecting a first current generated by the reaction between the first electrochemical electrode and the subcutaneous tissue (S1002); and determining a first physiological parameter on the basis of the first current and the first temperature (S1003). In this way, the temperature of the subcutaneous tissue of a user can be measured in real time, and physiological parameters of the user can be calibrated on the basis of the body temperature of the user, preventing a measurement result of the physiological parameters from being affected by changes in the body temperature, and reducing errors.

The utility model provides an anode structure and circulating water treatment equipment, which relates to the technical field of circulating water treatment and comprises an anode column, an insulating flange and a connecting bolt, the insulating flange is arranged at one end of the anode column, a through hole is formed in the middle of the insulating flange, and one end of the connecting bolt penetrates through the through hole to be connected with the anode column; a cavity penetrating through the two ends is formed in the middle of the anode column. According to the utility model, the service life of the electrode can be prolonged, the service life of the electrochemical electrode is prolonged, and the production and operation cost is saved.

The invention discloses a method for efficiently and directionally screening functional lactic acid bacteria, and the core principle of the method is that a DNA-electrochemical electrode carrying a specific DNA probe is adopted to quickly determine whether a detection sample contains a target strain or not, so that lactic acid bacteria strains with specific functions are efficiently and directionally screened out. The method comprises the following main steps: determining a target strain and a functional gene; designing a primer and preparing a DNA-electrochemical electrode; extracting DNA of a sample, and carrying out ferrocene labeled PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification; carrying out electrochemical detection on a PCR product; gradually screening according to an electrochemical detection result; and carrying out identification and functional verification on the screened strains. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of strong pertinence (directional screening), high efficiency, low cost, one-step implementation and the like, and has relatively high development value and wide application prospect.

Disclosed herein are an electrochemical devices, systems, and methods for purifying an aqueous solution. The devices, systems, and methods include a filtration cartridge with an electrochemical electrode stack and a power supply directly mounted to a surface of the filtration cartridge, the power supply directly supplies power to the filtration cartridge.

The present invention discloses a scanning micromass probe imaging technology, comprising a probe, a probe movement module, an optical microscopy measurement module, an oscillation excitation module, a probe position measurement module, a quartz crystal oscillator, an oscillation signal acquisition module, a high-speed switch, an integrated test cell, a software processing module, and a sample. The probe is placed vertically and has a dual-electrode mode with electrodes S1 and S2 on its top, and the sample is coated on the quartz crystal oscillator. The probe performs multi-point, line, and surface scanning to detect properties such as the micromass and viscoelasticity of the sample, and can obtain the distribution of micromass and viscoelasticity changes in situ, and obtain the reaction mechanism of different regions. The technology can be used in combination with various technical means to obtain more reaction process information, and can be widely used in research in aspects such as film deposition monitoring, electrochemical electrode processes, surface electrochemistry and catalytic electrochemistry, environmental monitoring, and drug and biomolecule detection.

Disclosed herein is an electrochemical device for purifying an aqueous solution. The device includes a filtration cartridge with an electrochemical electrode stack and a power supply directly mounted to a surface of the filtration cartridge, the power supply directly supplies power to the filtration cartridge.

The invention relates to the technical field of electronic information engineering, and discloses an underwater anti-interference electrochemical water quality sensor which comprises a signal conditioning module and a control module which are arranged in a waterproof shell, the signal conditioning module is electrically connected with a sensing electrode arranged at the bottom of the waterproof shell, and the control module is electrically connected with an external upper computer. The wireless power supply assembly comprises a transmitting coil and a receiving coil which are arranged in parallel, the transmitting coil is electrically connected with the control module, and the receiving coil is electrically connected with the signal conditioning module; the optoelectronic isolation assembly comprises a primary transceiver module, a secondary transceiver module and a light guide structure. Structural power supply isolation and digital signal isolation are adopted, short-distance simultaneous power supply measurement of a plurality of underwater anti-interference electrochemical water quality sensors can be achieved, the problem that mutual crosstalk is prone to occurring during detection of a plurality of water quality sensors carrying different electrochemical electrodes is solved, and meanwhile time and space limitation is avoided.

A process for preparing a compound of formula (NaOH)x[Fe(OH)2]yFeS, may include: (a) mixing iron and sodium sulfide in equimolar amounts, in an NaOH aqueous solution; (b) heating the obtained mixture up to a temperature in a range of from 110 to 210° C. for a duration in a range of from 1 hour to 1 week; and (c) recovering the active material by filtering and drying in a neutral atmosphere.

This invention relates to a method for generating at least one long-half-life free radical via an electrochemical device having suitable electrode plates. The method comprises the steps of: passing an aqueous solution containing a contaminant to be removed through at least one pair of electrodes, through which a DC current is passed, such that at least one long-half-life free radical is generated, which initiates a persistent (i.e., continuous) chain reaction that consumes or degrades any contaminant, wherein the DC current is controlled to keep the potential difference across the electrochemical electrodes at a controlled rate, thereby reaching a precise value within a specific time.

The present application relates to a kind of electrochemical electrode system and its use, electrochemical system and its use and method for removing water hardness.The electrochemical electrode system and electrochemical system of the present application, including cathode and anode, the shape of the cathode is conical cylinder, and a plurality of through holes are formed on wall;The anode is composed of the conductive particle filler filled in the conical cylinder cathode;The side of the cathode and the particle filler of anode contact with anode is insulated.The electrode of the present application changes the traditional electrode configuration and electrode placement mode, selects special conical cylinder cathode and particle anode, and fills particle anode in conical cylinder cathode, and the design can infinitely small shorten electrode spacing to reduce energy consumption.

The invention discloses a hepatic fibrosis organ chip sensing device for pathological evaluation and drug screening, which belongs to the technical field of microfluidics and comprises a top cover, an upper culture layer, a porous membrane, a lower culture layer and a glass substrate electrochemical electrode. The sensing device is combined with a hepatic fibrosis organ chip and a three-electrode detection system, gel permeability change is detected on the basis of electrochemical cyclic voltammetry, the hepatic fibrosis process is indirectly evaluated, and then in-vitro rapid screening of hepatic fibrosis potential drugs is carried out. The liver fibrosis organ chip sensing device provided by the invention provides a novel and efficient research means for real-time monitoring and quantitative evaluation of a liver fibrosis in-vitro model. The problems that in the prior art, due to the fact that dynamic and cross-scale substance transmission characteristics in a precise quantification three-dimensional tissue model are still limited, microenvironment changes dominated by extracellular matrix reconstruction are difficult to reflect in a non-invasive and in-situ mode, and the hepatic fibrosis process is difficult to detect are solved.