49 results about "Electrochemical electrode" patented technology

The invention discloses an AI-enabled real-time electrochemical detection system, which is composed of a real-time electrochemical detection module and an embedded AI data processing and analysis module, the real-time electrochemical detection module comprises an electrochemical electrode system, a sample pool and an electrochemical workstation, the surface of a working electrode is modified with a probe of a specific recognition target, and when the probe is combined with the target, the probe of the specific recognition target can be detected by the embedded AI data processing and analysis module. The working electrode interface charge transfer impedance changes in real time to generate a dynamic electric signal, and the electrochemical workstation provides electric input and collects the signal; the embedded AI data processing and analysis module is used for denoising the dynamic electric signals through an adaptive filtering algorithm based on wavelet transform, extracting time-frequency domain joint features through a 1D-CNN and LSTM mixed deep learning model, and establishing a nonlinear mapping relation between the signals and target concentration. Through AI enabling electrochemical detection, the defects of low time efficiency, large error and low information utilization rate of the traditional technology are comprehensively overcome, and an innovative solution is provided for high-precision, rapid and anti-interference target substance detection.

Provided is a ceramic heater in which damage due to temperature distribution of center cooling is less likely to occur without impairing the function of an RF / ESC electrode. The ceramic heater comprises: a ceramic plate having a first surface on which a wafer is placed and a second surface which faces the first surface; a first RF / ESC electrode which is embedded in the ceramic plate in parallel to the first surface; a second RF / ESC electrode which is electrically connected to the first RF / ESC electrode and is embedded in parallel to the first surface at a depth position, in the ceramic plate, apart further from the first surface as compared to the first RF / ESC electrode; an RF / ESC rod which has one end electrically connected to the second RF / ESC electrode and the other end extending to the outside of the ceramic plate from the second surface; an RF / ESC terminal hole which is a bottomed hole provided from the second surface of the ceramic plate toward the second RF / ESC electrode in the thickness direction and to which the tip portion of the RF / ESC rod is inserted; and a heater circuit which is embedded at a depth position, in the ceramic plate, closer to the second surface as compared to the second RF / ESC electrode. The distance between the center lines of the first RF / ESC electrode and the second RF / ESC electrode is 2-7 mm. The distance from the first surface to the bottom of the RF / ESC terminal hole is 4-9 mm.

A bio-electrochemical electrode current control system for improving the performance of bio-electrochemical systems is provided. The system comprises at least a pair of bio- electrochemical electrodes disposed inside a vessel of a bio-electrochemical system. The bio- electrochemical electrodes have a large surface area in contact with an operating fluid disposed in the vessel. An electric power source is operatively connected to each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes such that in operation the bio- electrochemical electrodes of each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes have a polarity corresponding to one anode and one cathode. A polarity switching circuitry is interposed between the electric power source and each pair of the at least a pair of bio- electrochemical electrodes for simultaneously switching the polarity of the bio- electrochemical electrodes of each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes. A processor is operatively connected to the polarity switching circuitry. The processor is adapted for controlling the polarity switch such that the polarity is repeatedly switched after elapse of a preset switching time interval greater than about one second. In operation, the operating fluid is bio-electrochemically processed while the electric current is provided to each pair of the at least a pair of bio-electrochemical electrodes such that the polarity of the bio-electrochemical electrodes of each pair of the at least a pair of bio- electrochemical electrodes is repeatedly switched.

The invention provides a preparation method of a two-dimensional tin oxide nano array for a photoelectrochemical electrode. The preparation method comprises the following steps: step 1, dissolving SnCl4. 5H2O and CH3CSNH2 in a mixed solvent of absolute ethyl alcohol and water to prepare a precursor solution; 2, placing the cleaned FTO substrate in a reaction container with the front face facing downwards, adding a precursor solution, and then sealing a reaction system; step 3, putting the container filled with the reactant obtained in the step 2 into a drying oven for reaction; after the reaction is finished, cooling to room temperature, washing and drying to obtain an impurity-removed sample; and 4, putting the sample subjected to impurity removal into a muffle furnace for annealing, cooling to room temperature, and taking out to obtain a white two-dimensional SnO2 nanosheet array film. The preparation method is simple, convenient and universal, additional materials such as additives are not needed, the prepared two-dimensional tin oxide nanosheet array has the advantages of being large in specific surface area and good in stability, and a high-quality and efficient transmission channel can be provided for electron transmission.

The invention provides a self-breathing anti-scaling cathode, a preparation method, an electrolytic bath and application of the electrolytic bath, and belongs to the technical field of electrochemical electrodes. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a carbon substrate and a catalyst precursor solution, and carrying out first calcination on the mixed solution under a protective atmosphere to obtain an anti-scaling cathode; and the anti-scaling cathode is sprayed with a water repellent agent and then subjected to second calcination in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, and the self-breathing type anti-scaling cathode is obtained. On one hand, the oxygen mass transfer efficiency is improved through the self-breathing anti-scaling cathode, deposition of divalent ions such as Ca < 2 + > and Mg < 2 + > is inhibited, the generation capacity of hydrogen peroxide is remarkably enhanced, and the long-term operation stability is improved; on the other hand, a spatial hydrophobic microenvironment is provided, and the yield of H2O2 is increased under the condition that external air ventilation is not needed; meanwhile, due to the design of the hydrophobic anode, decomposition of H2O2 at the anode is reduced, and efficient and stable electrosynthesis of H2O2 for pollutant degradation is realized.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrochemical electrode materials, and particularly relates to a multilevel structure bismuth oxide-cuprous oxide composite electrode and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the following steps that 1, nano-copper powder and a polymer binder are added into an organic solvent to be mixed, and a porous copper substrate electrode is obtained through stirring, casting, drying and cutting; (2) taking the porous copper substrate electrode as a working electrode, carrying out constant-current anodic oxidation in an alkaline solution, and carrying out in-situ growth to form a Cu (OH) 2 nanowire; (3) under the protection of inert gas, carrying out heat treatment on the Cu (OH) 2 nanowire to convert the Cu (OH) 2 nanowire into Cu2O, and coating a conductive substrate with the Cu2O to form a Cu2O electrode; and (4) performing constant-potential electrodeposition in an electrolyte containing Bi < 3 + > by taking the Cu2O electrode as a working electrode to obtain the bismuth oxide-cuprous oxide composite electrode. Bi2O3 is deposited on a Cu2O substrate, and an interface synergistic effect is generated.

This invention discloses a carbon monoxide sensor and its filter preparation method. The filter comprises an activated carbon cloth layer and a thin film layer formed by slurry printing; the slurry contains, by mass, 20-60 parts of metal oxide, 5-10 parts of binder, 8-15 parts of dispersant, 40-80 parts of carrier, and 50-80 parts of solvent. In the preparation process, the metal oxide and dispersant are first mixed in ultrapure water, dried at 135°C, and crushed. Then, the mixture is ball-milled with the binder, carrier, and solvent to obtain the slurry. Finally, the slurry is printed onto a breathable substrate using a steel mesh or screen printing process to form a film. This sensor utilizes the activated carbon cloth to preferentially adsorb most organic vapors. Simultaneously, the metal oxide, after modification with the dispersant, has increased surface active sites, which can further catalyze the oxidation or chemical adsorption of residual organic vapors, effectively suppressing their poisoning or cross-interference on the electrochemical electrode. The printed thin film is dense and uniform, and combined with the ball milling composite process, it significantly improves the resistance to organic vapor interference, ensuring the selectivity and long-term stability of CO detection.

The invention discloses a method for efficiently and directionally screening functional lactic acid bacteria, and the core principle of the method is that a DNA-electrochemical electrode carrying a specific DNA probe is adopted to quickly determine whether a detection sample contains a target strain or not, so that lactic acid bacteria strains with specific functions are efficiently and directionally screened out. The method comprises the following main steps: determining a target strain and a functional gene; designing a primer and preparing a DNA-electrochemical electrode; extracting DNA of a sample, and carrying out ferrocene labeled PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification; carrying out electrochemical detection on a PCR product; gradually screening according to an electrochemical detection result; and carrying out identification and functional verification on the screened strains. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of strong pertinence (directional screening), high efficiency, low cost, one-step implementation and the like, and has relatively high development value and wide application prospect.

A process for preparing a compound of formula (NaOH)x[Fe(OH)2]yFeS, may include: (a) mixing iron and sodium sulfide in equimolar amounts, in an NaOH aqueous solution; (b) heating the obtained mixture up to a temperature in a range of from 110 to 210° C. for a duration in a range of from 1 hour to 1 week; and (c) recovering the active material by filtering and drying in a neutral atmosphere.

This invention relates to a method for generating at least one long-half-life free radical via an electrochemical device having suitable electrode plates. The method comprises the steps of: passing an aqueous solution containing a contaminant to be removed through at least one pair of electrodes, through which a DC current is passed, such that at least one long-half-life free radical is generated, which initiates a persistent (i.e., continuous) chain reaction that consumes or degrades any contaminant, wherein the DC current is controlled to keep the potential difference across the electrochemical electrodes at a controlled rate, thereby reaching a precise value within a specific time.

The present application relates to a kind of electrochemical electrode system and its use, electrochemical system and its use and method for removing water hardness.The electrochemical electrode system and electrochemical system of the present application, including cathode and anode, the shape of the cathode is conical cylinder, and a plurality of through holes are formed on wall;The anode is composed of the conductive particle filler filled in the conical cylinder cathode;The side of the cathode and the particle filler of anode contact with anode is insulated.The electrode of the present application changes the traditional electrode configuration and electrode placement mode, selects special conical cylinder cathode and particle anode, and fills particle anode in conical cylinder cathode, and the design can infinitely small shorten electrode spacing to reduce energy consumption.

The invention discloses a hepatic fibrosis organ chip sensing device for pathological evaluation and drug screening, which belongs to the technical field of microfluidics and comprises a top cover, an upper culture layer, a porous membrane, a lower culture layer and a glass substrate electrochemical electrode. The sensing device is combined with a hepatic fibrosis organ chip and a three-electrode detection system, gel permeability change is detected on the basis of electrochemical cyclic voltammetry, the hepatic fibrosis process is indirectly evaluated, and then in-vitro rapid screening of hepatic fibrosis potential drugs is carried out. The liver fibrosis organ chip sensing device provided by the invention provides a novel and efficient research means for real-time monitoring and quantitative evaluation of a liver fibrosis in-vitro model. The problems that in the prior art, due to the fact that dynamic and cross-scale substance transmission characteristics in a precise quantification three-dimensional tissue model are still limited, microenvironment changes dominated by extracellular matrix reconstruction are difficult to reflect in a non-invasive and in-situ mode, and the hepatic fibrosis process is difficult to detect are solved.

The application relates to the field of electrochemical electrode materials, and discloses a SnO2-loaded Bi-Sn alloy negative electrode material, which comprises Bi, Sn and SnO2, wherein the molar ratio of Bi to (Sn+SnO2) is 1:1; a preparation method of the SnO2-loaded Bi-Sn alloy negative electrode material, which comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a Bi2Sn2O7 precursor; S2, heating the Bi2Sn2O7 precursor prepared in S1 to 550-850 DEG C under a mixed atmosphere of inert gas and reducing gas, and keeping the temperature for 1-3 hours to obtain the SnO2-loaded Bi-Sn alloy negative electrode material; application of the SnO2-loaded Bi-Sn alloy negative electrode material, and the SnO2-loaded Bi-Sn alloy negative electrode material prepared in S2 is used for preparing a negative electrode active material of a secondary battery. The technical scheme can improve the diffusion speed of magnesium ions, prevent the formation of a passivation layer at an electrode / electrolyte interface, and realize reversible circulation of a magnesium battery.

The utility model provides a mixing type deoxidizing tank which comprises a tank body and a partition plate which divides the tank body into a first deoxidizing area and a second deoxidizing area and is provided with a liquid passing channel. Through holes are distributed in the upper supporting plate and the lower supporting plate, the flow mixing assembly is arranged between the upper supporting plate and the lower supporting plate, the liquid uniform distribution assembly is suspended at the upper end of the flow mixing assembly, and the steam uniform distribution assembly is suspended at the lower end of the flow mixing assembly. A liquid inlet connected with the liquid uniform distribution assembly and a steam inlet connected with the steam uniform distribution assembly are formed in the first deoxidizing area; an upper baffle plate and a lower baffle plate which are used for dividing the second deoxidizing area into a liquid inlet cavity, an electrochemical reaction cavity and a liquid outlet cavity are arranged in the second deoxidizing area; the liquid passing channel corresponds to the liquid inlet cavity; guide supporting plates are arranged below the upper baffle plate at intervals, and the lower end of the lower baffle plate is connected with the guide supporting plates; a cavity between the guide supporting plate and the bottom of the tank body is communicated with the liquid outlet cavity; and an electrochemical polar plate group is arranged in the electrochemical reaction cavity. The mixing type deoxidizing tank is high in integration degree, small in occupied space and good in deoxidizing effect.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrochemical electrode materials, in particular to a ceramic-based composite boron-doped diamond electrode and a preparation method thereof. The boron-doped diamond electrode comprises a diamond ceramic matrix layer and a boron-doped diamond functional layer, the diamond ceramic matrix layer comprises diamond particles, non-oxide ceramic powder and a conductive additive. The ceramic-based composite boron-doped diamond electrode can effectively solve the problems that an existing BDD electrode is poor in bonding stability, short in service life and low in electrochemical efficiency, and the ceramic-based composite boron-doped diamond electrode integrates high bonding force, large thickness adaptability, low resistivity and high mechanical strength.

The present invention relates to an electrochemical electrode structure comprising at least one electrode element and a support element. Each electrode element is a two-dimensionally stretched conductive element having an open structure and having a first edge portion. The support element has an elastic region that extends planarly in the plane of the main stretch portion of the elastic region. The elastic region is fitted to push at least one electrode member away from the support element in a direction at least substantially perpendicular to the plane of the main stretch portion of the elastic region. The support element has a first tongue region positioned at the edge of the support element. The first edge portion of at least one electrode element is bent around the first tongue region of the support element, thereby attaching at least one electrode element to the support element. Furthermore, the present invention relates to an electrochemical cell, a bipolar electrode assembly each comprising such electrode elements, an electrochemical cell arrangement having a plurality of such bipolar electrode assemblies, and a method for attaching electrode elements to a support element of such an electrochemical electrode structure.

The application provides a self-breathing anti-fouling cathode, a preparation method thereof, an electrolytic cell and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of electrochemical electrodes. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a carbon substrate and a catalyst precursor solution, performing first calcination on the mixed solution in a protective atmosphere to obtain an anti-fouling cathode; and performing second calcination on the anti-fouling cathode after spraying a hydrophobic agent on the anti-fouling cathode in an oxygen-containing atmosphere to obtain a self-breathing anti-fouling cathode. The self-breathing anti-fouling cathode can improve the oxygen mass transfer efficiency and inhibit the deposition of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and other divalent ions, significantly enhances the hydrogen peroxide generation capacity, and improves the long-term operation stability; on the other hand, the self-breathing anti-fouling cathode has a spatial hydrophobic microenvironment, improves the H2O2 yield without the need of external air ventilation; and the design of the hydrophobic anode reduces the decomposition of H2O2 at the anode, realizes efficient and stable electro-synthesis of H2O2, and is used for pollutant degradation.

Provided is a ceramic susceptor comprising an RF / ESC electrode and a terminal rod connected thereto, the ceramic susceptor being capable of effectively preventing an excessive potential difference from being generated locally between a ceramic plate surface and a wafer. The ceramic susceptor comprises: a ceramic plate that has a first surface on which a wafer is placed, and a second surface facing the first surface; an inner electrode that is embedded in the ceramic plate and that is an RF electrode and / or an ESC electrode; a terminal rod that has one end electrically connected to the inner electrode and another end extending from the second surface; and a plurality of protrusions that are disposed on the first surface of the ceramic plate. If the ceramic plate is seen in a perspective plan view in the central axis direction of the ceramic plate, at least one of the protrusions is disposed at a location at least partially overlapping a terminal region defined by an outer periphery of a connecting portion, of the terminal rod, with the inner electrode.

The utility model discloses a digital micro-fluidic chip integrated with an electrochemical sensor, which comprises a plurality of control units, each control unit at least comprises an electrode control structure, and the electrode control structure is communicated with at least one electrochemical sensing electrode. The utility model provides a special digital micro-fluidic chip, an electrochemical sensor is integrated on the digital micro-fluidic chip, a matrix of the electrochemical sensor can be formed, and automatic processing of samples is realized through a digital micro-fluidic technology; in-situ rapid high-sensitivity electrochemical detection of sample liquid drops is realized through the electrochemical electrode array. Each individual electrochemical electrode in the electrochemical electrode array can be specifically modified, so that detection of a specific sample is realized, and the applicability is very wide.

The utility model discloses an electrochemical electrode plate capable of generating eddy current and turbulent current, which comprises a tabulate body, a plurality of grooves are respectively arranged on two sides of the body, and the sum of projection areas of the grooves on the same side of the body accounts for 30-70% of the projection area on the side of the body; during use, the extending direction of each groove and the flowing direction of liquid are arranged in a staggered mode. Relative to flowing of medium liquid on a flat plate, when the grooves are formed in the surface of the electrode plate, and the arrangement direction of the grooves and the flowing direction of the liquid are staggered, eddy current and turbulent current are inevitably generated when the liquid flows through the surface of the electrode plate, and reactants, electrophoresis substances and interface gas are taken away from an interface due to component force which is generated by the eddy current and turbulent current and is perpendicular to the electrode plate. And the contact between the liquid and the electrode plate interface is maintained, so that the continuous proceeding of the electrochemical reaction is maintained, and the passivation of the electrochemical reaction and the passivation of the electrode plate are more effectively eliminated.

The present invention relates to an electrochemical electrode structure comprising a current collector and at least one electrode element, wherein the at least one electrode element is a two-dimensionally stretched conductive element having an open structure. In this electrochemical electrode structure, the at least one electrode element has at least one end having a hemming rim in which a strip portion of the electrode is hemmed. Furthermore, the present invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and a separator, wherein either or both of the first electrode or the second electrode are such an electrochemical electrode structure, and further relates to a method for converting a finite-gap electrochemical cell into a zero-gap electrochemical cell using such an electrochemical electrode structure.

This invention describes a method for preparing nano-grass diamond / non-diamond carbon composite structures by etching away the non-diamond carbon portion through high-temperature annealing in air, thus forming nano-grass diamond. This belongs to the technical field of functional nanostructures and their preparation. Nitrogen is crucial in the preparation of boron-nitrogen co-doped diamond / non-diamond composite films. Nitrogen doping leads to columnar diamond growth, and the high methane concentration and nitrogen addition intensify secondary diamond nucleation, resulting in very small diamond grains containing a large amount of non-diamond carbon—precisely the desired outcome. Removing the non-diamond carbon significantly increases the surface area of ​​the electrode in this diamond sensor's high-density nanograss structure, providing more reaction sites for detecting trace molecules. Taking cadmium ions as an example, in the range of 1–100 μg / L… ‑1 It exhibits good linearity in solutions, achieving a concentration of 0.28 μg / L. ‑1 The nanograss diamond sensor exhibits a low detection limit. It demonstrates good stability and reusability, and its fabrication method is simple and suitable for large-scale production.

The invention provides an ultrathin flexible hydrogel patch and a physiological index detection system and method based on the patch, the ultrathin flexible hydrogel patch sequentially comprises an outer packaging layer, a substrate layer, an electrode layer, a conductive ultrathin breathable hydrogel electrolyte layer and an inner packaging layer from outside to inside, the electrode layer is functionally divided into two functionally independent electrode groups, namely an electrochemical electrode group for percutaneous oxygen partial pressure detection and a neuroelectric signal electrode group for nerve conduction detection; the physiological index detection system serves as a detection system integrating the percutaneous oxygen partial pressure and the nerve conduction function and comprises the ultrathin flexible hydrogel patch, a circuit board and an upper computer, and the ultrathin flexible hydrogel patch and the upper computer are electrically connected with the circuit board. The bimodal physiological signal detection system is an integrated, automatic and comfortable bimodal physiological signal detection system.

The application provides an electrode preparation method by periodical deposition, and belongs to the technical field of electrochemical electrode preparation, which comprises the following steps: preparing a nanomaterial hyperdispersion stabilizing aid containing a non-ionic block copolymer dispersant and modified nanosilica; preparing a composite electrolyte containing a main salt, a buffer, a conductive agent, an additive, the nanomaterial hyperdispersion stabilizing aid and a composite electrolyte additive; after pretreating a substrate, placing the substrate in the composite electrolyte; adopting a nucleation deposition of a forward square wave pulse, a structure construction deposition of a variable duty cycle pulse, a functional gradient deposition of a multistage composite pulse and a surface modification deposition of a high-frequency symmetric pulse in a fourth stage; and post-treating the deposited electrode; through the synergy of the functional aid system and the multistage deposition process, the electrode prepared by the method has the comprehensive advantages of good thickness uniformity, strong bonding force, high electrochemical activity, excellent cycle reversibility and high structural stability.

The present invention relates to an electrochemical electrode structure comprising a current collector and at least one electrode element wherein the at least one electrode element is a two-dimensionally extending electrically conductive element having an open structure. In this electrochemical electrode structure, the at least one electrode element has at least one edge with a crimped rim, at which the strip portion of the electrode element is crimped away. Furthermore, the invention relates to an electrochemical cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and a separator wherein the first electrode or the second electrode or both electrodes are such an electrochemical electrode structure, and to a method for retrofitting a limited-gap electrochemical cell into a zero-gap electrochemical cell using such an electrochemical electrode structure.

The invention discloses a multi-mode directional perspiration sensor and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of sensors. The electrophysiological electrode, the hydrophobic layer, the hydrophilic layer and the electrochemical electrode are arranged in sequence, the control circuit is arranged on the hydrophilic layer to collect signals, during use, the electrophysiological electrode and the hydrophobic layer are attached to the skin, sweat is discharged to a contact interface of the skin and the sensor through sweat glands, and the sensor is used for detecting the sweat glands. Sweat is directionally conveyed to the upper surfaces of the electrochemical electrode and the control circuit from the contact interface of the skin and the sensor, so that on one hand, the interference of the sweat on electrophysiological signal acquisition can be reduced, and the electrophysiological signal is enhanced; on the other hand, sweat is gathered on the upper surface of the sensor, so that electrochemical signal acquisition is facilitated, and meanwhile, the sensor has relatively good air permeability and wearing comfort.

The invention relates to an electrochemical electrode structure comprising at least one electrode element and a support element. Each electrode element is a two-dimensionally extending conductive element having an open structure and has a first edge portion. The support element has an elastic region extending along the surface in a main extension plane of the elastic region. The elastic region is adapted to push the at least one electrode member away from the support element in a direction at least substantially perpendicular to a main plane of extension of the elastic region. The support element has a first tongue-shaped region arranged at an edge of the support element. A first edge portion of the at least one electrode element is curved around a first tongue-shaped region of the support element, thereby attaching the at least one electrode element to the support element. Furthermore, the invention relates to an electrochemical cell and a bipolar electrode assembly, each of which comprises such an electrode element, to an electrochemical cell arrangement having a plurality of such bipolar electrode assemblies, and to a method for attaching an electrode element to a support element of such an electrochemical electrode structure.

There is provided a system, method, and electrochemical electrodes fabricated from a polymer precursor material. Fabrication of the electrochemical electrodes includes applying a defocused laser pulse by a laser to a micro-scale area of the polymer precursor material, the laser positioned at a defocused distance relative to the polymer precursor material; and repeatedly, until a predetermined pattern is generated: moving the laser or the polymer precursor material; and subsequently or concurrently applying the defocused laser pulse to further micro-scale areas of the polymer precursor material, wherein the polymer precursor material with the predetermined pattern applied forms the electrochemical electrodes.

There is provided a method of preparing a photoelectrochemical and electrochemical electrode catalyst, the method including preparing a metal oxide-based electrode, introducing a phosphate layer on a surface of the metal oxide-based electrode; and converting the phosphate layer into an oxyhydroxide layer by performing electrochemical activation on the phosphate layer.The efficiency of selective oxidation reaction of ammonia in wastewater may be improved.

An electroactive material suitable for electrochemical cell electrode wherein the electroactive material includes a chalcogen oligomer that can reversibly deintercalate / reintercalate an anion of the chalcogen, such as La2O2S2, and the electrochemical electrodes and cells containing the electroactive material.