The invention relates to a transponder monitoring device. The transponder monitoring device comprises a first frequency selection filtering amplification circuit, a frequency discrimination demodulation circuit, a second frequency selection filtering amplification circuit, a detection rectification circuit, a microprocessor and an output circuit, the first frequency selection filtering amplification circuit receives an electromagnetic wave signal emitted by the transponder; electromagnetic wave signals emitted by a vehicle-mounted BTM are received through the second frequency selection filtering amplification circuit, the transponder and the vehicle-mounted BTM can be monitored in real time, an oscilloscope does not need to be carried to manually check the transponder and the vehicle-mounted BTM one by one, the working state of an original facility is not changed, even if an extreme special event occurs, the detection device can be controlled to be in a non-working state, and the normal work of the transponder and the vehicle-mounted BTM is not influenced. The transponder monitoring device has no an electromagnetic-wave oscillation circuit, only receives the BTM and the radio frequency signals of the transponder, does not radiate or leak the radio frequency signals to the outside, does not interfere with other external facilities, needs to add a small number of peripheral components on the basis of original equipment, and is low in cost.