The invention discloses a sanitary quality locale rapid detection device and a detection method, the device comprises an auto sampling element, a photoelectricity conversion element and a control, operation and storage display circuit element. The method comprises that: the detected parameters are selected, based on an ATP bioluminescence theory, the detected sample and three groups detection reagents of a body cell lysates agent, a bacterial cell lysates agent and a luciferase-luciferase luminescence reagent are added to a sample pool, each reagent is provided with an auto sample adding device connected with the sample pool, the auto sample adding device controls to inject different reagents to the sample pool according to the detection requirement, the sample surface cleanliness condition is gained by measuring the total ATP content, the bacteria quantity in the sample is quantitatively detected by measuring the ATP content in the bacteria cell. Compared with the traditional device, the detection speed of the invention is fast, the detection time is less than 30 minutes, the degree of automation is high, and the maneuverability is good, the invention can be applicable to the locale rapid detection of health quality in the food, cosmetics, medical, environmental, and other fields.