The invention discloses a cement-based grouting material, and belongs to the technical field of building materials. The cement-based grouting material is prepared according to the following steps: melting asphalt powder, performing high-voltage electrostatic spinningto obtain asphalt raw threads, soaking the asphalt raw threads in a potassium permanganate solution, performing oxidation to obtain oxidized asphalt fibers, mixing nano magnesium oxide, a silane coupling agent and an ethanol solution, performing ultrasonic dispersion, adding the oxidized asphalt fibers, performing mixing under stirring, adding tetraethoxysilane dropwise, performing mixing under stirring, performing filtering, performing washing, performing drying, and performing carbonizing to obtain modified asphalt fibers; mixing aluminum powder and glycerol under stirring, adding wheat gluten powder, performing mixing under stirring, adding water, performing swelling, allowing the obtained material to stand, and performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a modified aluminum powder dispersion liquid; and mixing cement, quartz sand, water, a water reducing agent, fly ash, mineral powder, slag, a defoaming agent, a water retaining agent, the modified asphalt fibers and the modified aluminum powder under stirring to obtain the cement-based grouting material. The cement-based grouting material obtained by the technical scheme has the advantages of good fluidity, early-stage strength and expansion performance.