The invention discloses an electrostatic spinning collecting device and a preparation method of nanofiber adopting a gradient-oriented structure. The electrostatic spinning collecting device consists of a power supply, a forward and reverse rotation controller, motors, magnets and receiving heads. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving a solute such as polycaprolactone into a mixed solution of dichloromethane and N-N dimethylformamide, uniformly stirring, and adjusting the spinning positive voltage to be 10-20 kV, the negative pressure to be -5 kV to 0 kV, the distance between a needle head and the electrostatic spinning collecting device to be 10-20 cm, and the distance between the two conical receiving heads to be 0.5-7 cm. In the spinning process, parallel fibers are deposited between the receiving heads, while the fibers deposited at the receiving heads are randomly oriented, and a transitional area exists in the middle. Through the electrostatic spinning collecting device and the preparation method, a nanofiber stent adopting the gradient-oriented structure can be obtained; the nanofiber stent adopting the gradient-oriented structure has relatively high mechanical strength, simulates an arrangement mode of collagen fibers in a muscle tendon and a ligament tissue, and can be applied to tissue engineering and tissue repair of the muscle tendon and the ligament.