The invention discloses a doxorubicin hydrochloride self-assembled polymer nanoparticle which is prepared from doxorubicin hydrochloride and an amphipathic high-molecular polymer PLGA (Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid), wherein the PLGA is formed by two monomers, namely lactic acid (LA) and glycolic acid (GA). The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1) dissolving a drug doxorubicin hydrochloride into a polar organic solvent A so as to obtain a doxorubicin hydrochloride solution; 2) dissolving the PLGA into a polar organic solvent B so as to obtain a PLGA solution; 3) uniformly mixing the doxorubicin hydrochloride solution with the PLGA solution so as to obtain an eutectic solution, dripping the eutectic solution into an aqueous phase under the stirring condition, continuously stirring, and volatilizing the organic solvent; and 4) centrifuging the completely volatilized solution at a high speed by using a centrifugal machine, and collecting the precipitate, thereby obtaining the doxorubicin hydrochloride self-assembled polymer nanoparticle. The prepared product can achieve the effects of reducing the drug toxicity, reducing the administration frequency, improving the drug stability, delaying in-vivo release time of the drug, reducing adverse reactions of the drug, improving the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug and achieving excellent treatment effects.